Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPINTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH METHODSOrigins of PsychologyPsychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processesThe work of early philosophers and psychologists provided a foundationfor the birth of psychology as an experimental science.Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)Founded psychology asexperimental scienceWilliam James (1842–1910)Functionalism: Adaptiverole of behaviorEdward B. Titchener (1867–1927)Structuralism: Structures ofthought; introspectionSigmund Freud (1856–1939)Psychoanalysis: Unconsciousinfluences on behaviorIvan Pavlov (1849–1936)John B. Watson (1878–1958)B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)Behaviorism: Observable behaviors thatcan be objectively measured and verifiedContemporary PsychologyCarl Rogers (1902–1987)Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)Humanistic psychology:Psychological growth, humanpotential, self-directionPerspectives:BiologicalPsychodynamicBehavioralHumanisticPositive psychologyCognitiveCross-culturalEvolutionary psychologySpecialty areas:Biological ForensicClinicalHealthCognitive Industrial/OrganizationalCounseling PersonalityEducational RehabilitationExperimental SocialDevelopmental SportsComparative MilitaryThe Scientific MethodSystematic procedure to collect empirical evidence.Psychology's goals: To describe, explain, predict, andinfluence human behavior and mental processes.1. Generate an empirically testable hypothesis;operationally define all variables2. Design study and collect data3. Analyze data and draw conclusions4. Report the findings.Use statistics to analyze findingsand determine whether they arestatistically significant; use metaanalysisto combine and analyzedata from multiple studiesPublish details of study designso that study can be replicatedDevelop theories to integrateand explain variousfindings and observations