Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

archetypes (AR-kuh-types) In Jung’s theory,the inherited mental images of universalhuman instincts, themes, and preoccupationsthat are the main components of the collectiveunconscious (p. 429).arousal theory The view that people are motivatedto maintain a level of arousal that is optimal—neithertoo high nor too low (p. 321).Asperger’s syndrome Behavioral syndromecharacterized by varying degrees of difficultyin social and conversational skills but normalto-above-averageintelligence and languagedevelopment; often accompanied by obsessivepreoccupation with particular topics or routines(p. 302).attachment The emotional bond that formsbetween an infant and caregiver(s), especiallyhis or her parents (p. 378).attitude A learned tendency to evaluatesome object, person, or issue in a particularway; such evaluations may be positive, negative,or ambivalent (p. 466).attribution The mental process of inferringthe causes of people’s behavior, includingone’s own. Also refers to the explanationmade for a particular behavior (p. 463).atypical antipsychotic medications Newerantipsychotic medications that, in contrast tothe early antipsychotic drugs, block dopaminereceptors in brain regions associated with psychoticsymptoms rather than more globallythroughout the brain, resulting in fewer sideeffects (p. 609).audition The technical term for the senseof hearing (p. 102).authoritarian parenting style Parentingstyle in which parents are demanding and unresponsivetoward their children’s needs orwishes (p. 411).authoritative parenting style Parenting stylein which parents set clear standards for theirchildren’s behavior but are also responsive totheir children’s needs and wishes (p. 411).autism Behavioral syndrome associated withdifferences in brain functioning and sensoryresponses, and characterized by impaired socialinteraction, impaired verbal and nonverbalcommunication skills, repetitive or oddmotor behaviors, and highly restricted interestsand routines (p. 302).autonomic nervous system (aw-toe-NOM-ick) Subdivision of the peripheral nervoussystem that regulates involuntary functions(p. 57).availability heuristic A strategy in whichthe likelihood of an event is estimated on thebasis of how readily available other instancesof the event are in memory (p. 286).aversive conditioning A relatively ineffectivetype of behavior therapy that involves repeatedlypairing an aversive stimulus with theoccurrence of undesirable behaviors orthoughts (p. 590).axon The long, fluid-filled tube that carriesa neuron’s messages to other body areas(p. 46).axon terminals Branches at the end of theaxon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, calledsynaptic vesicles (p. 50).Bbarbiturates (barb-ITCH-yer-ets) A categoryof depressant drugs that reduce anxietyand produce sleepiness (p. 169).basal metabolic rate (BMR) When thebody is at rest, the rate at which it uses energyfor vital functions, such as heartbeat andrespiration (p. 323).basic emotions The most fundamental setof emotion categories, which are biologicallyinnate, evolutionarily determined, and culturallyuniversal (p. 346).basilar membrane (BAZ-uh-ler or BAZEuh-ler)The membrane within the cochlea ofthe ear that contains the hair cells (p. 103).behavior modification The application oflearning principles to help people developmore effective or adaptive behaviors (p. 212).behavior therapy A type of psychotherapythat focuses on directly changing maladaptivebehavior patterns by using basic learningprinciples and techniques; also called behaviormodification (p. 588).behavioral genetics An interdisciplinaryfield that studies the effects of genes andheredity on behavior (p. 445).behavioral theories of leader effectivenessTheories of leader effectiveness that focus ondifferences in the behaviors of effective andineffective leaders (p. B-9).behaviorism School of psychology and theoreticalviewpoint that emphasize the scientificstudy of observable behaviors, especially asthey pertain to the process of learning(pp. 8, 190).beta brain waves Brain-wave pattern associatedwith alert wakefulness (p. 141).binocular cues (by-NOCK-you-ler) Distanceor depth cues that require the use ofboth eyes (p. 120).biofeedback Technique that involves usingauditory or visual feedback to learn to exertvoluntary control over involuntary body functions,such as heart rate, blood pressure,blood flow, and muscle tension (p. 129).biological preparedness In learning theory,the idea that an organism is innately predisposedto form associations between certainstimuli and responses (p. 197).biological psychology Specialized branchof psychology that studies the relationship betweenbehavior and bodily processes and systems;also called biopsychology or psychobiology(p. 44).biomedical therapies The use of medications,electroconvulsive therapy, or othermedical treatments to treat the symptoms associatedwith psychological disorders(p. 580).biopsychosocial model The belief thatphysical health and illness are determined bythe complex interaction of biological, psychological,and social factors (p. 498).bipolar cells In the retina, the specializedneurons that connect the rods and cones withthe ganglion cells (p. 96).bipolar disorder A mood disorder involvingperiods of incapacitating depression alternatingwith periods of extreme euphoria andexcitement; formerly called manic depression(p. 549).blaming the victim The tendency to blamean innocent victim of misfortune for havingsomehow caused the problem or for not havingtaken steps to avoid or prevent it(p. 464).blind spot The point at which the opticnerve leaves the eye, producing a small gap inthe field of vision (p. 96).body mass index (BMI) A numerical scaleindicating adult height in relation to weight;calculated as:(703 weight in pounds)/(height ininches) 2 (p. 329).borderline personality disorder A personalitydisorder characterized by instability ofinterpersonal relationships, self-image, andemotions, and marked impulsivity (p. 558).bottom-up processing Information processingthat emphasizes the importance of thesensory receptors in detecting the basic featuresof a stimulus in the process of recognizinga whole pattern; analysis that moves fromthe parts to the whole; also called data-drivenprocessing (p. 113).brainstem A region of the brain made upof the hindbrain and the midbrain (p. 66).brightness The perceived intensity of acolor, which corresponds to the amplitude ofthe light wave (p. 98).bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterizedby binges of extreme overeating followedby self-induced vomiting, misuse oflaxatives, or other inappropriate methods topurge the excessive food and prevent weightgain (p. 554).bystander effect A phenomenon in whichthe greater the number of people present, theless likely each individual is to help someonein distress (p. 487).G-2 Glossary