Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Chapter Review227Practically speaking, this means that if your goal is to savemoney for school, don’t fantasize about a new stereo system orexpensive running shoes. Focus instead on the delayed reinforcementof achieving your long-term goal (see Mischel & others,1989). Imagine yourself proudly walking across the stage andreceiving your college degree. Visualize yourself fulfilling yourlong-term career goals. The idea in selectively focusing on thedelayed reinforcer is to mentally bridge the gap between thepresent and the ultimate attainment of your future goal. One ofour students, a biology major, put a picture of a famous womanbiologist next to her desk to help inspire her to study.Strategy 5: Observe Good Role ModelsObservational learning is another strategy you can use toimprove self-control. Psychologist Walter Mischel (1966) foundthat children who observed others choose a delayed re inforcerover an immediate reinforcer were more likely to choose thedelayed reinforcer themselves. So look for good role models.Observing others who are currently behaving in ways that willultimately help them realize their long-term goals can make iteasier for you to do the same.CHAPTER REVIEW: KEY PEOPLE AND TERMSAlbert Bandura, p. 220John Garcia, p. 197Ivan Pavlov, p. 185Robert A. Rescorla, p. 195Martin Seligman, p. 215B. F. Skinner, p. 201Edward L. Thorndike, p. 200Edward C. Tolman, p. 213John B. Watson, p. 190learning, p. 184conditioning, p. 185classical conditioning, p. 186unconditioned stimulus(UCS), p. 186unconditioned response(UCR), p. 186conditioned stimulus (CS),p. 187conditioned response (CR),p. 187stimulus generalization,p. 188stimulus discrimination,p. 188higher order conditioning,p. 188extinction (in classicalconditioning), p. 189spontaneous recovery, p. 189behaviorism, p. 190placebo response, p. 194taste aversion, p. 196biological preparedness, p. 197law of effect, p. 200operant, p. 201operant conditioning, p. 201reinforcement, p. 201positive reinforcement, p. 202negative reinforcement,p. 202primary reinforcer, p. 203conditioned reinforcer, p. 203punishment, p. 204punishment by application,p. 204punishment by removal,p. 205discriminative stimulus,p. 207operant chamber (Skinnerbox), p. 209shaping, p. 209continuous reinforcement,p. 210partial reinforcement,p. 210extinction (in operantconditioning), p. 210partial reinforcement effect,p. 210schedule of reinforcement,p. 210fixed-ratio (FR) schedule,p. 210variable-ratio (VR) schedule,p. 211fixed-interval (FI) schedule,p. 211variable-interval (VI)schedule, p. 211behavior modification,p. 212cognitive map, p. 214latent learning, p. 215learned helplessness, p. 216instinctive drift, p. 217observational learning,p. 218mirror neurons, p. 219➞ Web Companion Review ActivitiesYou can find additional review activities atwww.worthpublishers.com/discoveringpsych5e. TheDiscovering Psychology 5th edition Web Companion hasself-scoring practice quizzes, flashcards, interactive crosswordpuzzles, and other activities to help you master the material inthis chapter.