Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map133Chemical and Body SensesSmell (olfaction): When stimulatedby airborne chemicals,receptor cells transmit signalsalong axons to olfactory bulband on to other brain regionsKinesthetic sense: Sensory neuronscalled propioceptors detect changesin body position and movementTaste (gustation): Whenstimulated by chemicals insaliva, taste buds send neuralmessages to the thalamusand on to other brainregionsVestibular sense: Receptorcells in semicircular canals andvestibular sacs detect motionand changes in body positionPain: Stimulation of free nerve endings,called nociceptors trigger:• Fast pain system—sharp, intense pain• Slow pain system—dull, chronic painGate-control theory of paindescribes how psychologicaland other factors affect theexperience of painSubstance P stimulates freenerve endings and increasespain sensationPerceptionThe process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory informationTop-down processing,Bottom-up processingDepth perceptionPerceptual principlesGestalt psychologyemphasized perceptionof whole forms,or gestaltsGestalt principles ofperception andorganization:• Figure-groundrelationship• Law of similarity• Law of closure• Law of goodcontinuation• Law of proximityMonocular cues:• Relative size• Overlap• Aerialperspective• Texturegradient• Linearperspective• MotionparallaxBinocular cues:• Convergence• BinoculardisparityPerceptual constancy:Objects are perceivedas stable despitechanges in sensoryinput• Size constancy• Shape constancyPerceptualillusions:• Müller-Lyerillusion• Moon illusionMotion perception:• Induced motion• Stroboscopic motionPerception is influenced byexperiencePerceptual set is thetendency to perceiveobjects from a particularframe of reference