Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPMOTIVATION AND EMOTIONMotivationForces that act on orwithin an organism toimitate or direct behaviorCharacterized by:• Activation• Persistence• IntensityInstinct theories: Some behaviorsare innate and due to evolutionaryprogramming.Incentive theories: Behaviorsare motivated by externalrewards.Motivational Conceptsand TheoriesHumanistic theories: Behaviors are motivated bypsychological factors, especially the motive toachieve one’s highest potential.Drive theories: Behaviors aremotivated by drives to maintainhomeostasis.Arousal theory: People aremotivated to maintain optimallevels of arousal.Sensation seeking: Motivates behaviorsinvolving high levels ofarousal.Biological Motivation:Hunger and EatingFood provides glucose, which is regulated by insulin.Excess glucose is stored in adipose tissue.Basic metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate at which yourbody uses energy for vital body functions.Energy homeostasis helps people maintain theirbaseline body weight.Physiological factors correlatedwith eating:• Glucose• Insulin• GhrelinPsychological factors that triggereating:• Classically conditioned stimuli• Positive incentive valueSatiation signals:• Cholecystokinin (CCK)• Sensory-specific satietyChemical signals thatregulate body weight:• Leptin• Insulin• Neuropeptide Y• GhrelinExplaining long-termweight regulation:• Set-point theory• Settling-point modelsFactors contributing to excess weightand obesity:• Inadequate sleep• Availability of foods with positiveincentive value• Overeating• Cafeteria diet effect• Individual differences in BMR• Sedentary lifestyles• Genetic susceptibility• Leptin resistance• Weight cycling due to frequent dietingHuman SexualityStages of human sexual response:• Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolutionSexual orientation:• Not easily categorized• Causes are unknown• Develops at an early age and is resistant to change• Homosexual orientation associated withgender-atypical play in childhoodIn nonhuman animals,sexual behavior isbiologically determined,typically triggeredby hormonal changesin the female.