Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPLEARNINGLearning: A relatively enduring change inbehavior or knowledge as a result ofexperienceConditioning: Process of learning associationsbetween environmental events and behavioralresponsesClassical conditioning: Learning associationsbetween stimuliOperant conditioning: Learning associationsbetween behavior and environmentalconsequenceObservational learning: Learningthrough observing behavior ofothersReflexive behaviorsNonreflexive ("voluntary") behaviorsObserved behaviorsIvan Pavlov (1849–1936)John B. Watson (1878–1958)Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949)B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)Albert Bandura (b. 1925)Classical ConditioningLearning associations between stimuliIvan Pavlov (1849–1936)Discovered principles ofclassical conditioningProcessJohn B. Watson (1878–1958)Founded behaviorismrepeatedlypaired elicitsNeutral stimulus + Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):natural reflexelicitsConditioned stimulus (CS)conditioned reflexUnconditioned response (UCR)Conditioned response (CR)Factors affectingclassical conditioningContemporary Views Of Classical ConditioningRole of cognitive factorsRobert Rescorla (b. 1940)Classical conditioninginvolves learning the relationshipsbetween events;CS must reliably predictUCSRole of evolutionary factorsJohn Garcia (b. 1917)Classical conditioning occursmore readily whenassociations are biologicallyprepared; examples includetaste aversions and phobiasStimulus generalization: Occurswhen a new stimulus that issimilar to the CS also producesthe CRStimulus discrimination: Occurswhen one stimulus elicits theCR, but another, similar stimulusdoes notHigher order conditioning:Occurs when an establishedCS functions as UCS in a newconditioning trialExtinction: CR will graduallyweaken and disappearif the CS isrepeatedly presentedwithout the UCSSpontaneous recovery:After extinction andfollowing a rest, theCR may reappear if theCS is presented