Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

changes that occur when an organism is exposedto intense and prolonged stress. Thethree stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion(p. 505).generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Ananxiety disorder characterized by excessive,global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety;also called free-floating anxiety (p. 537).genotype (JEEN-oh-type) The geneticmakeup of an individual organism (p. 371).germinal period The first two weeks ofprenatal development (p. 373).Gestalt psychology (geh-SHTALT) Aschool of psychology founded in Germany inthe early 1900s that maintained that our sensationsare actively processed according toconsistent perceptual rules that result in meaningfulwhole perceptions, or gestalts (p. 115).ghrelin (GRELL-in) Hormone manufacturedprimarily by the stomach that stimulatesappetite and the secretion of growth hormoneby the pituitary gland (p. 324).glial cells (GLEE-ull) Support cells that assistneurons by providing structural support,nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacturemyelin (p. 45).glucose Simple sugar that provides energyand is primarily produced by the conversionof carbohydrates and fats; commonly calledblood sugar (p. 323).gonads The endocrine glands that secretehormones that regulate sexual characteristicsand reproductive processes; ovaries in femalesand testes in males (p. 61).graphology A pseudoscience that claims toassess personality, social, and occupational attributesbased on a person’s distinctive handwriting,doodles, and drawing style (p. 448).group therapy A form of psychotherapythat involves one or more therapists workingsimultaneously with a small group of clients(p. 598).gustation Technical name for the sense oftaste (p. 105).Hhair cells The hairlike sensory receptors forsound, which are embedded in the basilarmembrane of the cochlea (p. 103).hallucination A false or distorted perceptionthat seems vividly real to the person experiencingit (p. 564).health psychology The branch of psychologythat studies how biological, behavioral,and social factors influence health, illness,medical treatment, and health-related behaviors(p. 498).heritability The percentage of variationwithin a given population that is due toheredity (p. 305).heuristic A problem-solving strategy thatinvolves following a general rule of thumb toreduce the number of possible solutions(p. 282).hidden observer Hilgard’s term for thehidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activitythat continues during hypnosis (p. 161).hierarchy of needs Maslow’s hierarchicaldivision of motivation into levels thatprogress from basic physical needs to psychologicalneeds to self-fulfillment needs (p.340).higher order conditioning A procedure inwhich a conditioned stimulus from one learningtrial functions as the unconditioned stimulusin a new conditioing trial; the secondconditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditionedresponse, even though it has neverbeen directly paired with the unconditionedstimulus (p. 188).hindbrain A region at the base of the brainthat contains several structures that regulatebasic life functions (p. 66).hindsight bias The tendency to overestimateone’s ability to have foreseen or predictedthe outcome of an event (p. 464).hippocampus A curved forebrain structurethat is part of the limbic system and is involvedin learning and forming new memories(p. 71).histogram A way of graphically representinga frequency distribution; a type of bar chartthat uses vertical bars that touch (p. A-3).homeostasis (home-ee-oh-STAY-sis) Theidea that the body monitors and maintains internalstates, such as body temperature andenergy supplies, at relatively constant levels;in general, the tendency to reach or maintainequilibrium (p. 320).hormones Chemical messengers secretedinto the bloodstream primarily by endocrineglands (p. 59).hue The property of wavelengths of lightknown as color; different wavelengths correspondto our subjective experience of differentcolors (p. 98).humanistic psychology The theoreticalviewpoint on personality that generally emphasizesthe inherent goodness of people, humanpotential, self-actualization, the self-concept,and healthy personality development(pp. 9, 433).humanistic theories of motivation Theview that emphasizes the importance ofpsychological and cognitive factors in motivation,especially the notion that people aremotivated to realize their personal potential(p. 321).hypermnesia (high-perm-NEE-zha) Thesupposed enhancement of a person’s memoryfor past events through a hypnotic suggestion(p. 160).hypnagogic hallucinations (hip-na-GAHjick)Vivid sensory phenomena that occurduring the onset of sleep (p. 141).hypnosis (hip-NO-sis) A cooperative socialinteraction in which the hypnotized personresponds to the hypnotist’s suggestions withchanges in perception, memory, and behavior(p. 159).hypocretins A special class of neurotransmittersproduced during the daytime to maintaina steady state of wakefulness (p. 156).hypothalamus (hi-poe-THAL-uh-muss) Apeanut-sized forebrain structure that is part ofthe limbic system and regulates behaviors relatedto survival, such as eating, drinking, andsexual activity (p. 71).hypothesis (high-POTH-eh-sis) A tentativestatement about the relationship between twoor more variables; a testable prediction orquestion (p. 16).Iid Latin for the it; in Freud’s theory, thecompletely unconscious, irrational componentof personality that seeks immediate satisfactionof instinctual urges and drives; ruled bythe pleasure principle (p. 422).identification In psychoanalytic theory, anego defense mechanism that involves reducinganxiety by imitating the behavior andcharacteristics of another person (p. 426).identity A person’s definition or descriptionof himself or herself, including the values,beliefs, and ideals that guide the individual’sbehavior (p. 399).imagination inflation A memory phenomenonin which vividly imagining an eventmarkedly increases confidence that the eventactually occurred (p. 258).immune system Body system that producesspecialized white blood cells that protect thebody from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells(p. 506).implicit cognition Automatic, nonconsciousmental processes that influence perceptions,judgments, and reasoning (p. 460).implicit memory Information or knowledgethat affects behavior or task performancebut cannot be consciously recollected;also called nondeclarative memory (p. 241).implicit personality theory A network ofassumptions or beliefs about the relationshipsamong various types of people, traits, and behaviors(p. 461).incentive theories The view that behavioris motivated by the pull of external goals,such as rewards (p. 321).independent variable The purposely manipulatedfactor thought to produce changeGlossary G-7