Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

iological, 10cognitive, 11cross-cultural, 11–12evolutionary, 12–14humanistic, 11overview, 10positive psychology, 11psychodynamic, 10persuasion, 489–490pessimistic explanatory style, 510PET scan (position emissiontomography), 34peyote, 174phallic stage, 425–426, 427phallic symbols, 151pharmacology, 44phenotype, 372pheromones, 107philosophy, influence of, 3phobia, 198, 539phobiasagoraphobia, 538–539explaining, 541–542learning theories for, 541–542social anxiety disorder,540–541social phobia, 540–541specific phobia, 540unusual types of, 540virtual reality (VR) therapy, 591phrenology, 62, 63physical and sexual developmentadolescence, 394–398adolescence growth spurt, 394early maturation, 396–397late maturation, 396–397menarche, 394primary sex characteristics, 394puberty, 394, 395secondary sexcharacteristics, 394physical changes and adultdevelopment, 404physical effects of stress, 502–509physiological changes thatpredict eating, 324–325physiological psychology, 14physiology, 3, 44Piaget’s stages, of cognitivedevelopment, 391Piaget’s theory of cognitivedevelopment, 387–393pictorial cues, 119pineal gland, 60pinna, outer ear, 102pitch, 102, 104–105pituitary gland, 60, 72placebo, 27placebo control group, 27placebo effect, 28, 29, 508placebo response, 194placenta, 374place theory, 104plasticity, 62, 64plateau phase of human sexualresponse, 332pleasure principle, 423polarized neurons, 47pons, 67population, A–13position emission tomography(PET), 34positive correlation, 25, A–9positive incentive value, 325,328, 329–330positive psychologyperspective, 11positive reappraisal, 520positive reinforcement, 202positive self-talk used to controlpain, 130positive symptoms, 562,563–565postconventional level of moraldevelopment, 399–400, 401postsynaptic neurons, 49post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), 542–543,591, 604potassium channels, 48potassium ions, 47, 48potentiates, 173power motivation, 343PPA (parahippocampal placearea), 279practical intelligence, 301practical significance, 18–19practice effect, 28, 29precognition, 116preconventional level of moraldevelopment, 401prefrontal association cortex, 70prejudicedefined, 469ethnocentrism, 471in-group, 470–471in-group bias, 471–472jigsaw classroom technique,473–474out-group, 470–471out-group homogeneityeffect, 471overcoming, 472–474Robbers Cave experiment,472–473stereotypes, 470–472Premack principle, 206prenatal brain development, 374prenatal development, 373–375prenatal stage, 373preoperational stage,388–390, 391presbyopia, 95prescription drugsabuse of, 167, 170depressants, 170stimulants, 173presynaptic neurons, 49primacy effect, 245primary auditory cortex, 69primary motor cortex, 69, 70primary reinforcer, 202, 203primary sex characteristics, 394primary visual cortex, 69Principles of PhysiologicalPsychology (Wundt), 4Principles of Psychology (James),5, 320proactive interference, 252problem centering, 341problem finding, 312problem-focused copingstrategies, 519problem-solvingalgorithms, 282defined, 281functional fixedness,284, 285guiding stage, 283heuristics, 282–283insight, 283integrative stage, 283intuition, 283mental set, 284, 285obstacles to, 284strategies for, 281–283trial and error, 281–282procedural memory, 148, 240production vocabulary, 383progesterone, 61progressive relaxation, 589projection, 425projective test, 446–447prolactin, 60Propofol, 170proprioceptors, 112prosocial behavior, 486, 487prospective memory, 250prototype, 280, 281Provigil (modafinil), 156Prozac, 55, 612pseudoscience, 20, 22–23psilocybe mushrooms, 174psilocybin, 174psychedelic drugsdefined, 165, 174hashish, 174LSD, 174marijuana, 175mescaline, 174peyote, 174psychiatric nurse, 581psychiatric social worker, 581psychiatry, defined, 14, 15psychoactive drugsdefined, 165depressants. See depressantsdesigner “club” drugs, 175–177dissociative anesthetics, 177drug abuse, 166–167drug rebound effect, 165drug tolerance, 165ecstasy, 175–177ketamine, 177opiates, 165PCP, 177physical dependence, 165psychedelic drugs. Seepsychedelic drugsstimulants. See stimulantswithdrawal symptoms, 165psychoanalysis, 6, 7, 151, 420,582–583psychoanalyst, 581psychoanalytic perspective onpersonalityanal stage, 425–426, 427archetypes, 428–429awareness, levels of, 422basic anxiety, 430catharsis, 420collective unconscious, 428–429denial, 425displacement, 424, 425ego, 423ego defense mechanisms,424–425Eros, 423evaluating, 431–432evidence on, inadequacy of, 431extraverts, 429fixation, 426free association, 421Freudian slips, 422genital stage, 426, 427id, 422, 423identification, 426inferiority complex, 431introverts, 429latency stage, 427libido, 423neo-Freudians, 428–431Oedipus complex, 426–427oral stage, 425–426, 427penis envy, 427phallic stage, 425–426, 427pleasure principle, 423projection, 425psychoanalysis, 420psychosexual stages, 426–427rationalization, 425reaction formation, 425reality principle, 423repression, 424, 425sexism and, 432structure of personality, 422sublimation, 424, 425superego, 423superiority complex, 431testability of, lack of, 432Thanatos, 423unconscious, 421undoing, 425womb envy, 430psychoanalytic therapydream interpretation, 583free association, 582–583humanistic therapycompared, 587interpersonal deficits, 584interpersonal therapy(IPT), 584interpretations, 583psychoanalysis, 582–583resistance, 583role disputes, 584role transitions, 584short-term dynamictherapies, 584transference, 583unresolved grief, 584psychobiology, 44Subject Index SI-11