Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

naturalistic observation The systematicobservation and recording of behaviors asthey occur in their natural setting (p. 21).negative correlation A finding that twofactors vary systematically in opposite directions,one increasing as the other decreases(pp. 26, A-9).negative reinforcement A situation in whicha response results in the removal of, avoidanceof, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasingthe likelihood that the response willbe repeated in similar situations (p. 202).negative symptoms In schizophrenia,symptoms that reflect defects or deficits innormal functioning, including flat affect, alogia,and avolition (p. 563).neodissociation theory of hypnosis Theoryproposed by Ernest Hilgard that explainshypnotic effects as being due to the splittingof consciousness into two simultaneousstreams of mental activity, only one of whichthe hypnotic participant is consciously awareof during hypnosis (p. 161).nerves Bundles of neuron axons that carryinformation in the peripheral nervous system(p. 56).nervous system The primary internal communicationnetwork of the body; divided intothe central nervous system and the peripheralnervous system (p. 55).neurogenesis The development of newneurons (p. 62).neuron Highly specialized cell that communicatesinformation in electrical and chemicalform; a nerve cell (p. 45).neuropeptide Y (NPY) Neurotransmitterfound in several brain areas, most notably thehypothalamus, that stimulates eating behaviorand reduces metabolism, promoting positiveenergy balance and weight gain (p. 327).neuroscience The study of the nervous system,especially the brain (pp. 10, 44).neurotransmitters Chemical messengersmanufactured by a neuron (p. 50).nicotine A stimulant drug found in tobaccoproducts (p. 172).nightmare A vivid and frightening or unpleasantanxiety dream that occurs duringREM sleep (p. 150).nociceptors Specialized sensory receptorsfor pain that are found in the skin, muscles,and internal organs (p. 110).norepinephrine (nor-ep-in-EF-rin) Neurotransmitterinvolved in learning, memory, andregulation of sleep; also a hormone manufacturedby adrenal glands (p. 52).normal curve or normal distribution Abell-shaped distribution of individual differencesin a normal population in which mostscores cluster around the average score(p. 297).G-10 Glossarynormative social influence Behavior that ismotivated by the desire to gain social acceptanceand approval (p. 475).NREM sleep Quiet, typically dreamlesssleep in which rapid eye movements are absent;divided into four stages; also called quietsleep (p. 141).Oobedience The performance of a behaviorin response to a direct command (p. 476).obese Condition characterized by excessivebody fat and a body mass index equal to orgreater than 30.0 (p. 329).object permanence The understanding thatan object continues to exist even when it canno longer be seen (p. 388).observational learning Learning that occursthrough observing the actions of others(p. 218).obsessions Repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollableirrational thoughts or mental imagesthat cause extreme anxiety and distress(p. 543).obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) Ananxiety disorder in which the symptoms ofanxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitivethoughts and urges to perform certain actions(p. 543).obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (APP-neeuh)A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedlystops breathing during sleep (p. 155).occipital lobe (ock-SIP-it-ull) An area atthe back of each cerebral hemisphere that isthe primary receiving area for visual information(p. 69).Oedipus complex In Freud’s theory, achild’s unconscious sexual desire for theopposite-sex parent, usually accompanied byhostile feelings toward the same-sex parent(p. 426).olfaction Technical name for the sense ofsmell (p. 105).olfactory bulb (ole-FACK-toe-ree) Theenlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at thefront of the brain where the sensation ofsmell is registered (p. 106).operant Skinner’s term for an actively emitted(or voluntary) behavior that operates onthe environment to produce consequences(p. 200).operant chamber or Skinner box Theexperimental apparatus invented by B. F.Skinner to study the relationship betweenenvironmental events and active behaviors(p. 209).operant conditioning The basic learningprocess that involves changing the probabilitythat a response will be repeated by manipulatingthe consequences of that response(p. 200).operational definition A precise descriptionof how the variables in a study will bemanipulated or measured (p. 18).opiates (OH-pee-ets) A category of psychoactivedrugs that are chemically similar tomorphine and have strong pain-relievingproperties (p. 171).opponent-process theory of color visionThe theory that color vision is the product ofopposing pairs of color receptors, red–green,blue–yellow, and black–white; when onemember of a color pair is stimulated, theother member is inhibited (p. 100).optic chiasm (KI-az-em) Point in the brainwhere the optic nerve fibers from each eyemeet and partly cross over to the oppositeside of the brain (p. 97).optic disk Area of the retina without rodsor cones, where the optic nerve exits the backof the eye (p. 96).optic nerve The thick nerve that exits fromthe back of the eye and carries visual informationto the visual cortex in the brain (p. 97).optimistic explanatory style Accountingfor negative events or situations with external,unstable, and specific explanations (p. 510).organizational behavior A subarea of I/Opsychology that focuses on the workplace cultureand its influence on employee behavior(p. B-2).outer ear The part of the ear that collectssound waves; consists of the pinna, the earcanal, and the eardrum (p. 102).out-group A social group to which onedoes not belong (p. 471).out-group homogeneity effect The tendencyto see members of out-groups as verysimilar to one another (p. 471).Ppain The unpleasant sensation of physicaldiscomfort or suffering that can occur invarying degrees of intensity (p. 110).panic attack A sudden episode of extremeanxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity(p. 538).panic disorder An anxiety disorder inwhich the person experiences frequent andunexpected panic attacks (p. 538).paranoid personality disorder A personalitydisorder characterized by a pervasive distrustand suspiciousness of the motives ofothers without sufficient basis (p. 557).parapsychology The scientific investigationof claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities(p. 116).