Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Concept Map181Sleep DisordersDyssomnias: Disruptions inamount, quality, or timingof sleep• Insomnia• Obstructive sleep apnea• NarcolepsyParasomnias: Undesirablephysical arousal, behaviors,or events during sleep• Sleep terrors• Sleepsex• Sleep-related eating disorder• Sleepwalking• REM sleep behavior disorderHypnosisA cooperative social interaction in which the participantresponds to suggestions made by the hypnotistEffects of hypnosis:• Sensory, perceptual changes• Posthypnotic suggestions• Memory changes, includingposthypnotic amnesia, butnot hypermnesiaExplaining hypnosis:• Hypnosis as a special state of consciousness:Ernest Hilgard (1904–2001) proposed neodissociationtheory of hypnosis• Hypnosis due to ordinary psychological processes;the social-cognitive view of hypnosis• The imaginative suggestibility view; hypnosis dueto capacity to imagine and heightened suggestibilityLimitations of hypnosis:• Not all people capable ofbeing hypnotized• Cannot hypnotize a personagainst his or her will• Cannot hypnotically induceimmoral or criminal actsMeditationSustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awarenessForms of meditation:• Concentration techniques• Opening-up techniquesEffects of meditation:• Lowers physiological arousal• Reduces stress• Enhances physical and psychological functioningPsychoactive DrugsDepressants: Addictivedrugs that inhibit centralnervous system activity• Alcohol• Barbiturates• Inhalants• TranquilizersAlter synaptic transmission inthe brain and induce changesin arousal, mood, thinking,sensation, and perceptionCan be addictive, producing:• Physical dependence• Drug tolerance• Withdrawal symptoms• Drug rebound effect"Club" drugs: Syntheticdrugs used at dance clubs,parties, and "raves"• MDMA (ecstasy)• Dissociative anestheticsinclude PCP and ketamineOpiates: Addictive drugs thatrelieve pain and producefeelings of euphoria• Opium• Morphine• Codeine• Heroin• Methadone• Prescription painkillersStimulants: Addictive drugsthat increase brain activity• Caffeine• Nicotine• Amphetamines• Methamphetamines• CocainePsychedelic drugs: Createperceptual distortions,alter mood and thinking• Mescaline• LSD• Marijuana