Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPTHERAPIESPsychotherapyThe treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonalproblems with psychological techniquesPsychoanalysisBehavior TherapyCognitive Therapies• Developed by Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)• Goal is to unearth repressed conflictsand resolve them in therapyShort-term dynamictherapies:• More problem-focusedand of shorter durationthan traditionalpsychoanalysis• Therapists are moredirective• Interpersonal therapy(IPT) focuses on currentrelationshipsTechniques andprocesses include:• Free association• Resistance• Dream interpretation• Interpretation• Transference• Assumes maladaptive behaviorsare learned and uses learningprinciples to directly changeproblem behaviors• Mary Cover Jones (1896–1987)was first behavior therapist,using counterconditioning toextinguish phobic behaviorOperant conditioningtechniques:• Positive and negativereinforcement• Extinction• Token economies• Contingency managementinterventionsClassical conditioning principlesseen in use of:• Systematic desensitization• Aversive conditioningAssume psychological problems arecaused by maladaptive patterns ofthinkingRational-emotivetherapy (RET):• Developed byAlbert Ellis (1913–2007)• Involves identifying andchallenging coreirrational beliefsCognitive therapy (CT):• Developed by Aaron T. Beck(b. 1921)• Involves teaching the client torecognize negative automaticthoughts and cognitive biasesCognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) combines cognitive andbehavioral techniques.Group and Family TherapyHumanistic TherapyClient-centered therapy:• Developed by Carl Rogers (1902–1987)• Client directs the focus of therapy sessions• Therapist is genuine, demonstrates unconditionalpositive regard, and communicatesempathic understanding• Group therapy is cost-effective.• Therapists can observe clients interacting withother group members.• Clients benefit from support of other groupmembers.• Clients can try out new behaviors in a safeenvironment.• Family therapy assumes the family is an interdependentsystem.• Marital or couple therapy seeks to improve communication,problem-solving skills, and intimacy.