Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Introduction: The Origins of Psychology7Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)Under the direction of WilliamJames, Mary Whiton Calkinscompleted all the requirements fora Ph.D. in psychology. Calkins had adistinguished professional career,establishing a psychology laboratoryat Wellesley College and becomingthe first woman president of theAmerican PsychologicalAssociation.Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939)After becoming the first Americanwoman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology,Washburn went on to a distinguishedcareer. Despite thediscrimination against women that waswidespread in higher education duringthe early twentieth century, Washburnmade many contributions to psychology.She was the second woman to beelected president of the American PsychologicalAssociation.Francis C. Sumner (1895–1954) FrancisSumner studied under G. Stanley Hall atClark University. In 1920, he became the firstAfrican American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology.Sumner later joined Howard Universityin Washington, D.C., and became chairmanof the psychology department. Over thenext 25 years, Sumner helped create astrong psychology program at HowardUniversity that led the country in trainingblack psychologists (Belgrave & Allison,2006; Guthrie, 2000, 2004).Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysisWundt, James, and other early psychologists emphasized the study of consciousexperiences. But at the turn of the twentieth century, new approaches challengedthe principles of both structuralism and functionalism.In Vienna, Austria, a physician named Sigmund Freud was developing an intriguingtheory of personality based on uncovering causes of behavior that were unconscious,or hidden from the person’s conscious awareness. Freud’s school of psychologicalthought, called psychoanalysis, emphasized the role of unconscious conflictsin determining behavior and personality.Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality and behavior was based largely onhis work with his patients and on insights derived from self-analysis. Freud believedthat human behavior was motivated by unconscious conflictsthat were almost always sexual or aggressive in nature. Past experiences,especially childhood experiences, were thought to becritical in the formation of adult personality and behavior. Accordingto Freud (1904), glimpses of these unconscious impulsesare revealed in everyday life in dreams, memory blocks,slips of the tongue, and spontaneous humor. Freud believedthat when unconscious conflicts became extreme, psychologicaldisorders could result.Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality also provided thebasis for a distinct form of psychotherapy. Many of the fundamentalideas of psychoanalysis continue to influence psychologists andother professionals in the mental health field. In Chapter 10, onpersonality, and Chapter 14, where we cover psychotherapy, we’llexplore Freud’s views on personality in more detail.Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) In 1909, Freud(front left) and several other psychoanalystswere invited by G. Stanley Hall (frontcenter) to participate in Clark University’s20th anniversary celebration in Worcester,Massachusetts (Hogan, 2003). Freud deliveredfive lectures on psychoanalysis. Listeningin the audience was William James,who later wrote to a friend that Freudstruck him as “a man obsessed with fixedideas” (Rosenzweig, 1997). Carl Jung (frontright), who later developed his own theoryof personality, also attended this historicconference. Ernest Jones, Freud’s biographerand translator, is standing behind Hall.