Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

trait approach to leader effectiveness Anapproach to determining what makes an effectiveleader that focuses on the personal characteristicsdisplayed by successful leaders (p. B-8).trait theory A theory of personality that focuseson identifying, describing, and measuringindividual differences in behavioral predispositions(p. 439).tranquilizers Depressant drugs that relieveanxiety (p. 171).transduction The process by which a formof physical energy is converted into a codedneural signal that can be processed by thenervous system (p. 89).transference In psychoanalysis, the processby which emotions and desires originally associatedwith a significant person in the patient’slife, such as a parent, are unconsciouslytransferred to the psychoanalyst (p. 583).trial and error A problem-solving strategythat involves attempting different solutionsand eliminating those that do not work(p. 281).triarchic theory of intelligence RobertSternberg’s theory that there are three distinctforms of intelligence: analytic, creative,and practical (p. 301).trichromatic theory of color vision Thetheory that the sensation of color results becausecones in the retina are especially sensitiveto red light (long wavelengths), greenlight (medium wavelengths), or blue light(short wavelengths) (p. 100).t-test Test used to establish whether themeans of two groups are statistically differentfrom each other (p. A-12).two-factor theory of emotion Schachterand Singer’s theory that emotion is the interactionof physiological arousal and the cognitivelabel that we apply to explain the arousal(p. 358).Type I error Erroneously concluding thatstudy results are significant (p. A-13).Type II error Failing to find a significanteffect that does, in fact, exist (p. A-13).Type A behavior pattern A behavioral andemotional style characterized by a sense oftime urgency, hostility, and competitiveness(p. 512).Uunconditional positive regard In Rogers’stheory, the sense that you will be valued andloved even if you don’t conform to the standardsand expectations of others; unconditionallove or acceptance (p. 434).unconditioned response (UCR) The unlearned,reflexive response that is elicited byan unconditioned stimulus (p. 186).unconditioned stimulus (UCS) The naturalstimulus that reflexively elicits a responsewithout the need for prior learning (p. 186).unconscious In Freud’s theory, a term usedto describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, anddrives that are operating below the level ofconscious awareness (p. 421).Vvalidity The ability of a test to measurewhat it is intended to measure (p. 298).variable A factor that can vary, or change,in ways that can be observed, measured, andverified (p. 17).variable-interval (VI) schedule A reinforcementschedule in which a reinforcer isdelivered for the first response that occurs afteran average time interval, which varies unpredictablyfrom trial to trial (p. 211).variable-ratio (VR) schedule A reinforcementschedule in which a reinforcer is deliveredafter an average number of responses,which varies unpredictably from trial to trial(p. 211).vestibular sense (vess-TIB-you-ler) Thetechnical name for the sense of balance, orequilibrium (p. 112).Wwavelength The distance from one wavepeak to another (p. 93).Weber’s law (VAY-berz) A principle of sensationthat holds that the size of the just noticeabledifference will vary depending on itsrelation to the strength of the original stimulus(p. 92).weight cycling Repeated cycles of dieting,weight loss, and weight regain; also called yoyodieting (p. 331).withdrawal symptoms Unpleasant physicalreactions, combined with intense drug cravings,that occur when a person abstains froma drug on which he or she is physically dependent(p. 165).working memory The temporary storageand active, conscious manipulation of informationneeded for complex cognitive tasks,such as reasoning, learning, and problemsolving (p. 238).Zz score A number, expressed in standarddeviation units, that shows a score’s deviationfrom the mean (p. A-7).zone of proximal development In Vygotsky’stheory of cognitive development, thedifference between what children can accomplishon their own and what they can accomplishwith the help of others who are morecompetent (p. 393).zygote The single cell formed at conceptionfrom the union of the egg cell and sperm cell(p. 370).G-16 Glossary