Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

Color-Coded Video Games Little girls andlittle boys have a lot in common. Both ofthese children are clearly absorbed in theirNintendo video games. Nevertheless, thelittle boy’s game is silver, and the littlegirl’s game is pink. Why?Get some sleep and chill! Whether they arechildren or adults, people often react withgreater emotionality when they’re not gettingadequate sleep (Zohar & others, 2005).Is this because they’re simply tired, or dothe brain’s emotional centers becomemore reactive in response to sleep deprivation?To study this question, researcherSeung-Schik Yoo and his colleagues (2007)deprived some participants of sleep for35 hours while other participants sleptnormally. Then, all of the participantsobserved a series of images ranging fromemotionally neutral to very unpleasantand disturbing images while undergoingan fMRI brain scan. Compare the two fMRIscans shown here. The orange and yellowareas indicate the degree of activation inthe amygdala, a key component of thebrain’s emotional centers. Compared tothe adequately rested participants (shownon the left), the amygdala activated 60 percentmore strongly when the sleep-deprivedparticipants looked at the aversive images(shown on the right). Yoo’s research clearlyshows that the sleep-deprived brain is muchmore prone to strong emotional reactions,especially in response to negative stimuli.xxxiiSleep ControlSleep DeprivationThese boxes increase student awareness of the importance of culture in many areas ofhuman experience. They are unique in that they go beyond simply describing culturaldifferences in behavior. They show students how cultural influences shape behaviorand attitudes, including the student’s own behavior and attitudes. The fifth edition ofDiscovering Psychology includes the following Culture and Human Behavior boxes:• What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?, p. 13• Ways of Seeing, p. 114• Culture and the Müller-Lyer Illusion: The Carpentered-World Hypothesis,p. 127• Culture’s Effects on Early Memories, p. 241• The Effect of Language on Perception, p. 290• Performing with a Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Undermine Performance,p. 310• Evolution and Mate Preferences, p. 336• Where Does the Baby Sleep?, p. 379• Explaining Failure and Murder: Culture and Attributional Biases, p. 465• The Stress of Adapting to a New Culture, p. 503• Travel Advisory: The Jerusalem Syndrome, p. 564• Cultural Values and Psychotherapy, p. 606Gender CoverageGender influences and gender differences are described in many chapters. Table 2shows the integrated coverage of gender-related issues and topics in Discovering Psychology.To help identify the contributions made by female researchers, the fullnames of researchers are provided in the References section at the end of the text.When researchers are identified using initials instead of first names (as APA style recommends),many students automatically assume that the researchers are male.Neuroscience CoveragePsychology and neuroscience have become intricately intertwined. Especially in thelast decade, the scientific understanding of the brain and its relation to human behaviorhas grown dramatically. The imaging techniques of brain science—PETscans, MRIs, and functional MRIs—have become familiar terminology to many students,even if they don’t completely understand the differences between them. Toreflect that growing trend, we have increased our neuroscience coverage to showstudents how understanding the brain can help explain the complete range of humanbehavior, from the ordinary to the severely disturbed. Each chapter containsone or more Focus on Neuroscience discussions that are designed to complementthe broader chapter discussion. Here is a complete list of the Focus on Neurosciencefeatures in the fifth edition:• Psychological Research Using Brain Imaging, pp. 34–35• Is “Runner’s High” an Endorphin Rush?, p. 54• Juggling and Brain Plasticity, p. 64• Vision, Experience, and the Brain, p. 99• The Sleep-Deprived Emotional Brain, p. 146• The Dreaming Brain: Turning REM On and Off, p. 148• The Addicted Brain: Diminishing Rewards, p. 166• How Methamphetamines Erode the Brain, p. 173