Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

correlational studiescorrelation coefficient,25, A–8defined, 25negative correlation, 26, A–9positive correlation, 25, A–9video games, time spentplaying, 25–26correlation coefficient, 25, 26,A–8, A–9cortical localization, 62, 63, 72corticosteroids, 506counseling psychologist, 581counseling psychology, 14counterconditioning, 588couple therapy, 600CPAP (continuous positiveairway pressure), 155CPI (California PersonalityInventory), 449cranial calisthenics, 82creative intelligence, 301creativity, 312–313, 552critical thinking, 16, 17cross-cultural perspective,11–12cross-cultural psychologycollectivistic cultures, 13cultural norms, 13ethnocentrism, 13general discussion, 11–12individualistic cultures, 13social loafing, 11, 12social striving, 11cross-cultural studies of groupdiscrimination and IQdifferences, 308–309CT. See cognitive therapy (CT)cued recall, 245cultural norms, 13cultural values, psychotherapyand, 606–607cultureachievement motivation, 344and attributional biases, 465childhood sleeping arrangements,379conformity, 476coping, 522cross-cultural psychology, 13cross-cultural studies of groupdiscrimination and IQdifferences, 308–309cultural bias and IQ test, 310defined, 11, 13early memories, 241and emotional experience,346–348expression of emotion,354–355meditation differences, 163and moral reasoning, 403Müller-Lyer illusion and, 127obsessions andcompulsions, 545panic disorders, 539perception, 113phobias, 541psychotherapy, 603stress, 501–502, 503and temperament, 378curare, 55cyclothymic disorders, 549daily hassles, 500–501Daily Hassles Scale, 500Darkness Visible (Styron), 546data analysis and drawingconclusions, 18–19data-driven processing, 113deafness, 103De Anima (Aristotle), 3death, 409–410debriefing, participants instudies, 33decay theory, 250–252deception, use of, 33decibel, 102decibel levels, 104decision-making strategiesadditive model, 285availability heuristic, 286elimination by aspectsmodel, 285overview, 284–285representativeness, 286–287single-feature model, 285uncertainty, decisions involving,286–287déjà vu experience, 250–252delusion, 562demand characteristics, 28, 29dementia, 268Demerol, 170dendrites, 46denial, 425, 520deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), 370dependent variable, 27, 30depolarized neurons, 47depressantsalcohol, 167–169barbiturates, 169–170codeine, 170defined, 165, 166endorphins, 170heroin, 170inhalants, 169–170methadone, 170morphine, 170narcotics, 170opiates, 170, 171oxycodone, 170prescription drugs, 170tranquilizer, 165, 169–170, 171depressionbrain and, 613cognitive biases indepression, 596major depression, 546–548manic-depression, 549depth perceptionaccommodation, 119aerial perspective, 119binocular cues, 120–121convergence, 120defined, 119linear perspective, 119monocular cues, 119–120motion parallax, 119, 120overlap and, 119pictorial cues, 119relative size, 119, 120stereogram, 121texture gradient, 119, 120The Descent of Man (Darwin),345, 352descriptive research methodscase studies, 22–23correlation studies, 25–26defined, 18, 21naturalistic observation, 21surveys, 24–25descriptive statistics, A–2developmental psychologyadolescence. See adolescenceadult development. See adultdevelopmentalleles, 371childhood. See childhoodchromosomes, 370cognitive development. Seecognitive developmentdefined, 14, 369deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), 370dying and death, 409–410embryonic period, 373–374epigenetics, 372–373fetal period, 374–375gene, 370genotype, 370, 371–372germinal period, 373infancy. See infancylate adulthood and aging. Seelate adulthood and aginglifespan, major stages of, 370phenotype, 372prenatal braindevelopment, 374prenatal development, 373–374prenatal stage, 373sex chromosomes, 372stem cells, 374teratogens, 374zygote, 370Dexedrine, 173Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition, TextRevision (DSM-IV-TR),533–534dieting, 331difference threshold, 92diffusion of responsibility, 487discrepancy hypothesis, B–8discrimination, 308–311,471–472, 502. 503discriminative stimuli, 207disease and personality, 514disorganized schizophrenia, 566displacement, 289, 424, 425display rules, 354, 355dissociative amnesia, 561dissociative anesthetics, 177dissociative disordersamnesia, 561defined, 560, 561experience, 561fugue, 561identity disorder, 561–562multiple personalities, 561–562dissociative experience,560, 561dissociative fugue, 561dissociative identity disorder(DID), 561–562distancing, 520distraction used to controlpain, 130distributed practice, 270divergent thinking, 312diversity in the workplace,B–11–B–12DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),46, 370dopamine, 52, 53dopamine hypothesis, 52,570–571dopamine receptors, 331dopamine transporters, 173double-blind technique, 28, 29dream interpretation, 583dreamsactivation-synthesis model of,152–153defined, 147as fulfilled wishes, 151–152images, 147latent content, 151lucid dreams, 149manifest contect, 151nightmares, 150recalling, 147, 149, 150significance of, 151–153themes, 149–150drive, theories of motivation,320–321drowsiness while driving, 153drug abuse, 166–167, 170drug rebound effect, 165drugsprescription. See prescriptiondrugspsychedelic. See psychedelicdrugspsychoactive. See psychoactivedrugssynaptic transmission, effect on,54–55used to control pain, 129drug tolerance, 165dying and death, 409–410dyssomnias, 153dysthymic disorder, 548ear, structuresear canal, 102eardrum, 102early maturation, 396–397earnings for I/O psychologist,B–14SI-4 Subject Index