Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

in an experiment; also called the treatmentvariable (p. 27).individualistic cultures Cultures that emphasizethe needs and goals of the individualover the needs and goals of the group (p. 13).induction A discipline technique that combinesparental control with explaining why abehavior is prohibited (p. 412).industrial/organizational (I/O)psychology The branch of psychology thatfocuses on the study of human behavior inthe workplace (p. B-2).inferential statistics Mathematicalmethods used to determine how likely it isthat a study’s outcome is due to chance andwhether the outcome can be legitimatelygeneralized to a larger population (p. A-12).informational social influence Behaviorthat is motivated by the desire to be correct(p. 475).information-processing model of cognitivedevelopment The model that views cognitivedevelopment as a process that is continuousover the lifespan and that studies the developmentof basic mental processes such as attention,memory, and problem solving (p. 393).in-group A social group to which one belongs(p. 471).in-group bias The tendency to judge thebehavior of in-group members favorably andout-group members unfavorably (p. 471).inhalants Chemical substances that are inhaledto produce an alteration in consciousness(p. 169).inner ear The part of the ear where soundis transduced into neural impulses; consists ofthe cochlea and semicircular canals (p. 103).insight The sudden realization of how aproblem can be solved (p. 283).insomnia A condition in which a personregularly experiences an inability to fall asleep,to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested bysleep (p. 153).instinct theories The view that certain humanbehaviors are innate and due to evolutionaryprogramming (p. 319).instinctive drift The tendency of an animalto revert to instinctive behaviors that can interferewith the performance of an operantlyconditioned response (p. 217).insulin Hormone produced by the pancreasthat regulates blood levels of glucose and signalsthe hypothalamus, regulating hunger andeating behavior (p. 323).intelligence The global capacity to think rationally,act purposefully, and deal effectivelywith the environment (p. 293).intelligence quotient (IQ) A measure ofgeneral intelligence derived by comparing anG-8 Glossaryindividual’s score with the scores of others inthe same age group (p. 294).interference theory The theory that forgettingis caused by one memory competingwith or replacing another (p. 252).interneuron Type of neuron that communicatesinformation from one neuron to thenext (p. 45).interpersonal engagement Emotion dimensionreflecting the degree to which emotionsinvolve a relationship with another personor other people (p. 346).interpersonal therapy (IPT) A brief, psychodynamicpsychotherapy that focuses oncurrent relationships and is based on the assumptionthat symptoms are caused and maintainedby interpersonal problems (p. 584).interpretation A technique used in psychoanalysisin which the psychoanalyst offers acarefully timed explanation of the patient’sdreams, free associations, or behaviors to facilitatethe recognition of unconscious conflictsor motivations (p. 583).intrinsic motivation The desire to engagein tasks that the person finds inherently satisfyingand enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging;the desire to do something for itsown sake (p. 342).intuition Coming to a conclusion or makinga judgment without conscious awarenessof the thought processes involved (p. 283).iris (EYE-riss) The colored part of the eye,which is the muscle that controls the size ofthe pupil (p. 94).irreversibility In Piaget’s theory, the inabilityto mentally reverse a sequence of events orlogical operations (p. 389).JJames–Lange theory of emotion The theorythat emotions arise from the perceptionof body changes (p. 356).job analysis A technique that identifies themajor responsibilities of a job, along with thehuman characteristics needed to fill it (p. B-3).just-world hypothesis The assumption thatthe world is fair and that therefore people getwhat they deserve and deserve what they get(p. 464).KK complex Single but large high-voltagespike of brain activity that characterizes stage2 NREM sleep (p. 142).kinesthetic sense (kin-ess-THET-ick) Thetechnical name for the sense of location andposition of body parts in relation to one another(p. 112).Llanguage A system for combining arbitrarysymbols to produce an infinite number ofmeaningful statements (p. 287).latent content In Freud’s psychoanalytictheory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, andurges that are concealed in the manifest contentof a dream (p. 151).latent learning Tolman’s term for learningthat occurs in the absence of reinforcementbut is not behaviorally demonstrated until areinforcer becomes available (p. 215).lateralization of function The notion thatspecific psychological or cognitive functionsare processed primarily on one side of thebrain (p. 73).law of effect Learning principle proposedby Thorndike that responses followed by asatisfying effect become strengthened and aremore likely to recur in a particular situation,while responses followed by a dissatisfyingeffect are weakened and less likely to recur ina particular situation (p. 200).leader–member exchange model A modelof leadership emphasizing that the quality ofthe interactions between supervisors and subordinatesvaries depending on the uniquecharacteristics of both (p. B-9).learned helplessness A phenomenon inwhich exposure to inescapable and uncontrollableaversive events produces passive behavior(p. 216).learning A process that produces a relativelyenduring change in behavior orknowledge as a result of past experience(p. 184).lens A transparent structure located behindthe pupil that actively focuses, or bends, lightas it enters the eye (p. 94).leptin Hormone produced by fat cells thatsignals the hypothalamus, regulating hungerand eating behavior (p. 326).leptin resistance A condition in whichhigher-than-normal blood levels of the hormoneleptin do not produce the expectedphysiological response (p. 331).libido The psychological and emotional energyassociated with expressions of sexuality;the sex drive (p. 423).limbic system A group of forebrain structuresthat form a border around the brainstemand are involved in emotion, motivation,learning, and memory (p. 70).linguistic relativity hypothesis The hypothesisthat differences among languagescause differences in the thoughts of theirspeakers (p. 290).lithium A naturally occurring substancethat is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder(p. 611).