Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

language learning, brain activityin, 34late adulthood and agingactivity theory of aging, 408cognitive changes, 407–408overview, 407social development, 408–409late maturation, 396–397latency stage, 427latent content, 151latent learning, 214–215lateralization of function,72, 73law and order stage of moraldevelopment, 401law of closure, 118law of effect, 200, 201law of good continuation, 118law of good proximity, 118law of Prägnanz, 118law of similarity, 118L-dopa, 52, 53leader-member exchangemodel, B–9leadership, B–8–B–10learned helplessness, 215–216learningbehaviorism. See behaviorismbrain function and, 64classical conditioning and.See classical conditioningconditioning, 184, 185defined, 184observational learning. Seeobservational learningoperant conditioning. Seeoperant conditioningself-control and, 226legal principles stage of moraldevelopment, 401lens, 94leptin, 326, 327leptin resistance, 330, 331lesbian, 335libido, 423licensed professional counselor,581lidocaine, 173life events and change, 499–500lifespan, major stages, 370limbic systemamygdala, 71, 72defined, 70hippocampus, 70, 71hypothalamus, 70, 71–72olfactory system and, 106structures of, 71thalamus, 70, 71linear perspective, 119linguistic, 300linguistic relativity hypothesis,290–291lithium, 550–551, 610lobes, cerebral cortex, 69localization of function, brain,62, 63, 72, 73logical-mathematical intelligence,300long-term memoryautobiographical memory, 240clustering, 242cultural difference in earlymemories, 241defined, 235elaborative rehearsal, 238,239, 270encoding, 238–240episodic memory, 240explicit memory, 240–242implicit memory, 240–242nondeclarative memories, 242organization of informationin, 242procedural memory, 240self-reference effect, 239semantic memory, 240semantic network model, 242shared reminiscing, 240stage model of memoryand, 239types of, 240, 242visual imagery, 239long-term potentiation,262, 263lost-in-the-mall study, 257–258loudness, 102LSD (lysergic aciddiethylamide), 174lucid dreams, 149lymphocytes, 506lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD), 174magnetic resonance imagining(MRI), 34, 35magnets used to control, 130magnet therapy, 1–2, 22main effect, 29maintenance rehearsal, 236major depression, 546–548Managerial Grid, B–9manic-depression, 549manic episode, 549manifest contect, 151mantra, 164marijuana, 175marriage, 405marriage and family therapist, 581Maslow’s hierarchy of needs,340–341mastery experiences, 438mate preferences andevolution, 336MDMA (ecstasy), 175–177mean, A–5measure of central tendency,A–5–A–6measure of variability, A–6mechanical ability test, B–5median, A–5media portrayal of mentalillness, 532media reports about psychology,evaluating, 37–38media violence, aggressivebehavior and, 224–225medicationsantianxiety, 610antidepressant, 610, 611–613antipsychotic, 550, 607–610atypical antipsychotic, 609psychiatrists prescribing, 15psychologists prescribing, 15psychotropic, 607meditationcultural difference in, 163defined, 163effects of, 164mantra, 164transcendental meditation(TM), 161–163, 164zazen, 164medulla, 67Medved, 170melatonin, 138, 139memoryaging and, 10amnesia. See amnesiaauditory sensory memory, 235biological basis for memory. Seebiological basis for memorydefined, 232déjà vu experience, 250–252echoic memory, 235encoding, 232false memories. See falsememoriesforgetting, 247–253hippocampus and, 35hormones and, 10imperfect memories. Seeimperfect memoriesimprovement techniques,270–271long-term memory, 238–242memory distortions,256–257overview, 232retrieval, 232, 243–247sensory, 232, 233–235short-term working, 235–238stage model of, 232–233storage, 232working memory, 237working memory, modelof, 238Memory: A Contribution toExperimental Psychology(Ebbinghaus), 248memory formation, 148memory trace, 260, 261menarche, 394meninges, 56menopause, 404mental age, 294mental health professionals, 581mental images, 277–278mental rehearsal, 362mental retardation, 298,302, 305mental set, 284, 285mere exposure effect, 90, 91mescaline, 174meta-analysis, 17, 18metabolism, age and genderdifferences in excess weightand obesity, 330methadone, 170methamphetamine (meth), 173methodology, 18microsleep, 155midbrain, 67, 374middle ear, 102migraine headaches, 52Milgram’s original obedienceexperiment, 477–480Milgram’s’s study, 33military psychologists, 15Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory(MMPI), 449–450mirror neurons, 218, 219misinformation effect,254–255, 260mnemonic devices, 270modafinil (Provigil), 156mode, A–5model (theory), 20modeling, 386monocular cues, 119–120mood, endorphins and, 52,53–54mood congruence, 246mood disordersantidepressants, 550bipolar disorder, 548–549creativity and, 552cyclothymic disorders, 549defined, 546dysthymic disorder, 548genetic predisposition, 550lithium and, 550–551major depression, 546–548manic-depression, 549manic episode, 549seasonal affective disorder(SAD), 546, 547smoking and, 550–551stress and, 551moon illusion, 125–126moral development, 401–402moral reasoning, developmentof, 401–403morphine, 53, 170motherese, 382motion parallax, 119, 120motivated forgetting, 252–253motivationachievement motivation,342–344arousal theory, 321–322biological motivation. Seebiological motivationdefined, 319drive, 320, 321drive theories, 320, 321homeostasis, 321humanistic theory of, 322incentive motivation, 321instinct theories, 319–320overview, 318–319power, 343SI-8 Subject Index