Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

two or more distinct identities, or “personalities”;formerly called multiple personality disorder(p. 561).dopamine (DOPE-uh-meen) Neurotransmitterinvolved in the regulation of bodilymovement, thought processes, and rewardingsensations (p. 52).dopamine hypothesis The view that schizophreniais related to, and may be caused by,excessive activity of the neurotransmitterdopamine in the brain (p. 570).double-blind technique An experimentalcontrol in which neither the participants northe researchers interacting with the participantsare aware of the group or condition towhich the participants have been assigned(p. 28).dream An unfolding sequence of thoughts,perceptions, and emotions that typically occursduring REM sleep and is experienced asa series of real-life events (p. 147).dream interpretation A technique used inpsychoanalysis in which the content of dreamsis analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes,meanings, and motivations (p. 583).drive A need or internal motivational statethat activates behavior to reduce the need andrestore homeostasis (p. 320).drive theories The view that behavior ismotivated by the desire to reduce internaltension caused by unmet biological needs(p. 320).drug abuse Recurrent drug use that resultsin disruptions in academic, social, or occupationalfunctioning or in legal or psychologicalproblems (p. 166).drug rebound effect Withdrawal symptomsthat are the opposite of a physically addictivedrug’s action (p. 165).drug tolerance A condition in which increasingamounts of a physically addictivedrug are needed to produce the original, desiredeffect (p. 165).DSM-IV-TR Abbreviation for theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision; thebook published by the American PsychiatricAssociation that describes the specific symptomsand diagnostic guidelines for differentpsychological disorders (p. 533).dyssomnias (dis-SOM-nee-uz) A categoryof sleep disorders involving disruptions inthe amount, quality, or timing of sleep;includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea,and narcolepsy (p. 153).dysthymic disorder (dis-THY-mick) Amood disorder involving chronic, low-gradefeelings of depression that produce subjectivediscomfort but do not seriously impair theability to function (p. 548).Eeardrum A tightly stretched membrane atthe end of the ear canal that vibrates when hitby sound waves (p. 102).eating disorder A category of mental disorderscharacterized by severe disturbances ineating behavior (p. 553).eclecticism (eh-KLEK-tuh-sizz-um) Thepragmatic and integrated use of techniquesfrom different psychotherapies (p. 604).EEG (electroencephalogram) The graphicrecord of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph(p. 140).ego Latin for I; in Freud’s theory, thepartly conscious rational component of personalitythat regulates thoughts and behaviorand is most in touch with the demands of theexternal world (p. 423).ego defense mechanisms Largely unconsciousdistortions of thoughts or perceptionsthat act to reduce anxiety (p. 424).egocentrism In Piaget’s theory, the inabilityto take another person’s perspective orpoint of view (p. 389).elaborative rehearsal Rehearsal that involvesfocusing on the meaning of informationto help encode and transfer it to longtermmemory (p. 239).electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A biomedicaltherapy used primarily in the treatmentof depression that involves electricallyinducing a brief brain seizure; also called electroshocktherapy (p. 614).electroencephalograph (e-lec-tro-en-SEFFuh-low-graph)An instrument that uses electrodesplaced on the scalp to measure andrecord the brain’s electrical activity (p. 140).embryonic period The second period ofprenatal development, extending from thethird week through the eighth week (p. 373).emotion A complex psychological state thatinvolves subjective experience, a physiologicalresponse, and a behavioral or expressive response(p. 344).emotional intelligence The capacity to understandand manage your own emotional experiencesand to perceive, comprehend, andrespond appropriately to the emotional responsesof others (p. 345).emotion-focused coping Coping effortsprimarily aimed at relieving or regulating theemotional impact of a stressful situation(p. 519).empirical evidence Verifiable evidence thatis based upon objective observation, measurement,and/or experimentation (p. 16).encoding The process of transforming informationinto a form that can be entered intoand retained by the memory system (p. 232).encoding failure The inability to recall specificinformation because of insufficient encodingof the information for storage in longtermmemory (p. 249).encoding specificity principle The principlethat when the conditions of informationretrieval are similar to the conditions of informationencoding, retrieval is more likely to besuccessful (p. 246).endocrine system (EN-doe-krin) System ofglands located throughout the body that secretehormones into the bloodstream (p. 59).endorphins (en-DORF-ins) Neurotransmittersthat regulate pain perceptions (p. 53).energy homeostasis The long-term matchingof food intake to energy expenditure(p. 324).epigenetics Study of the cellular mechanismsthat control gene expression and of theways that gene expression impacts health andbehavior (p. 372).episodic memory Category of long-termmemory that includes memories of particularevents (p. 240).Eros The self-preservation or life instinct, reflectedin the expression of basic biologicalurges that perpetuate the existence of the individualand the species (p. 423).ESP (extrasensory perception) Perceptionof information by some means other thanthrough the normal processes of sensation(p. 116).ethnocentrism The belief that one’s ownculture or ethnic group is superior to all others,and the related tendency to use one’sown culture as a standard by which to judgeother cultures (pp. 13, 471).evolutionary psychology The applicationof principles of evolution, including naturalselection, to explain psychological processesand phenomena (p. 12).exemplars Individual instances of a conceptor category, held in memory (p. 280).experimental group or experimental conditionIn an experiment, the group of participantswho are exposed to all experimentalconditions, including the independent variable(p. 27).experimental method A method of investigationused to demonstrate cause-and-effectrelationships by purposely manipulating onefactor thought to produce change in anotherfactor (p. 27).explicit cognition Deliberate, consciousmental processes involved in perceptions,judgments, decisions, and reasoning(p. 460).explicit memory Information or knowledgethat can be consciously recollected; alsocalled declarative memory (p. 241).Glossary G-5