Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

positive symptoms, 562,563–565prevalence of, 567psychological factors, 571–572types of, 566undifferentiated schizophrenia,566school psychology, 15scientific jargon withoutsubstance, 23scientific methodanalyzation of data anddrawing conclusions, 18–19defined, 16descriptive methods, 18empirical evidence, 16experimental methods, 18findings, reporting, 19–20hypothesis, defined, 16hypothesis, formulating, 18hypothesis, testable, 16–17meta-analysis, 16, 17operational definition, 18overview, 16replication, 18, 19scientific assumptions, 16statistically significantfindings, 18statistics, 18steps in, 16–20study design and datacollection, 18theories, building, 20variable, 16, 17SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus),71, 138, 139scripts, 256seasonal affective disorder(SAD), 546, 547secondary reinforcer, 203secondary sex characteristics, 394second-order conditioning,188–189sedentary lifestyle, 330selection device validity, B–4,B–5selection interviews, B–7selective scratonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs), 55, 612self-actualization, 340–341self-concept, 434self-control, 226self-determination theory,340–342self-effacing bias, 466self-efficacy, 18, 361, 436,437–438self-help groups, 599self-reference effect, 239self-reinforcement, 206self-report inventories, 449–451self-serving bias, 464, 465, 466self-sustaining actionpotential, 49semantic memory, 240semantic network model, 242sensationabsolute threshold, 90basic steps of, 90defined, 89difference threshold, 92hearing. See hearingkinesthetic sense, 112mere exposure effect, 90, 91movement, position, andbalance, 112overview, 88–90pain. See painproprioceptors, 112sensory adaption, 92sensory neurons, 45, 56sensory receptors, 89sensory threshold, 90smell. See olfactionsubliminal perception, 90, 91summary table of senses, 113taste. See gustationtouch, 109transduction, 89vestibular sense, 112vision. See visionWeber’s law, 92sense of self, 458sensorimotor stage, 388,389, 391sensory ability tests, B–5sensory adaption, 92sensory experience, retrievingmemory, 262sensory memoryauditory sensory memory, 235defined, 232, 233duration of, 234echoic memory, 235experiment demonstratingduration, 234iconic memory, 235overview, 233–234perception and, 235stage model of memoryand, 239types of, 235visual sensory memory, 235sensory neurons, 45, 56sensory receptors, 89sensory-specific satiety, 326, 327sensory threshold, 90serial position effect, 245, 270serotonin, 52, 53, 148, 174servant leadership, B–10set-point theory, 327settling-point models of weightregulation, 327sex chromosomes, 372sex drive, 334–335sexism, 432sex organs, 61sexsomnia, 157sexual development. See physicaland sexual developmentsexualityestrogen, 334estrus, 333excitement phase, 332motivation for sexual behavior,333–335orgasm phase, 333plateau phase, 332refractory period, 333resolution phase, 333sex drive, 334–335stages of human sexualresponse, 332–333testosterone, 334–335sexual orientationbisexual, 335–337defined, 335determination of, 337–339heterosexual, 335–337homosexual, 335–337lesbian, 335shape constancy, 123shaping, 209shared reminiscing, 240shock generator experiment,477–480short-term dynamic therapies,584short-term working memorycapacity, demonstration of, 236capacity of, 236–237chunking, 236duration of, 236maintenance rehearsal, 236overview, 235short-term to workingmemory, 237–238stage model of memoryand, 239working, defined, 237shuttlebox, 215sight. See visionsign languageAl-Sayyid Bedouin SignLanguage, 289American Sign Language(ASL), 244, 289, 382Nicaragua Sign Language, 289single-blind study, 28single-feature model, 285single-parent families, 406situational (contingency) theoriesof leadership, B–9situational exercises, B–6–B–7Sixteen Personality FactorQuestionnaire (16PF), 440,449–450size constancy, 123skewed distribution, A–4Skinner box, 208, 209sleepalpha brain waves, 141beta brain waves, 141dreams. See dreamselectroencephalograph, 140first 90 minutes of sleep,141–145hypnagogic hallucinations, 141memory formation and,148, 27090 minute sleep cycle, 145NREM sleep. See NREM sleepoverview, 140patterns, changes in, 144–145reason for sleepiness, 144REM rebound, 146REM sleep, 141, 148sleep paralysis, 144sleepwalking, 144and stress, 504, 523–524synchronized sleepers, 142talking during, 144yawning, 144sleep deprivation, 145, 146sleep disorderscataplexy, 155–156defined, 153drowsiness while driving, 153dyssomnias, 153hypnagogic hallucinations, 141hypocretins, 156insomnia, 153–154, 178narcolepsy, 155–156obstructive sleep apnea, 155parasomnias, 153, 156–157REM sleep behaviordisorder, 158sleep-related eatingdisorders, 158sleepsex, 157sleep terrors, 157sleepwalking, 157sleeping arrangements, 379sleep paralysis, 144sleep-related eating disorders(SRED), 158sleepsex, 157sleep spindles, 142, 143sleep study, 35, 140sleep terrors, 157sleep thinking, 147sleepwalking, 135–136, 144, 157slow-wave sleep (SWS), 142–143smell, sense of. See olfactionsmoking and psychologicaldisorders, 550–551Snyder, Solomon, 53social anxiety disorder, 540–541social categorization, 460–463social cognition, 458social cognitive perspective onpersonalityevaluating, 438–439mastery experiences, 438observational learning, 437overview, 436–437reciprocal determinism,436, 437self-efficacy, 436, 437–438social cognitive theory,436, 437social cognitive theory, 436, 437social developmentadolescence, 398–399adult development, 404–407late adulthood and aging,408–409social influence, 458social learning theory of genderrole development, 386social loafing, 11, 12social norms, 460Subject Index SI-13