Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPMEMORYMemoryKey processes:• Encoding• Storage• RetrievalThe Stage Model of MemoryMemory is the process of transferring informationfrom one memory stage to anotherSensory memory:• Briefly stores sensoryinformation aboutthe environment• Each sense thought to haveown sensory memory• George Sperling (b. 1934)demonstrated that visualsensory memory holdsinformation for abouthalf a second before fadingShort-term memory (STM):• Temporarily stores information transferredfrom sensory memory and informationretrieved from long-term memory• Capacity is limited to a few "slots‚"or units of information• Maintenance rehearsal keepsinformation active and in STM• If not actively rehearsed, information islost within 20 secondsWorking memory: The active,conscious manipulation ofverbal or spatial informationtemporarily held in STM;thought to consist of:• Phonological loop• Visuospatial sketchpad• Central executiveExplicit memory(declarative memory):Memory withconscious recallLong-term memory (LTM):• Stores a potentially unlimitedamount of information for upto a lifetime• Elaborative rehearsal involvesfocusing on the meaning ofinformation encoded into LTM• Information in LTM is clusteredand associated with relatedgroups during recall• Semantic network modeldescribes the organization ofLTM as a complex network ofassociationsImplicit memory(nondeclarative memory):Memory withoutconscious recallRetrievalEpisodic memory:Events you haveexperiencedSemantic memory:General facts,knowledgeProcedural memory:Motor skills, actionsProcess of accessing information stored inlong-term memoryForgettingInability to recall information that waspreviously availableRetrieval cues: Hints or prompts that helptrigger recall of stored memoriesRetrieval cue failure: Recall failure due toinadequate or missing retrieval cues; commonexample is a tip-of-the-tongue experienceRecall, cued recall, and recognition arestrategies to test retrieval of informationSerial position effect: Tendency to havebetter recall of first and last items in a seriesEncoding specificity principle forms includethe context effect and mood congruenceFlashbulb memories: Vivid memoriesperceived as accurate but actually no moreaccurate than ordinary memoriesHermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)Identified basic pattern of forgetting: rapidloss of some information, then stablememories of the remaining informationFactors contributing to forgetting:• Encoding failure• Retrieval cue failure contributesto prospective memory failures• Decay theory• Retroactive interference andproactive interference• Suppression and repression