Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

CONCEPTMAPPERSONALITYPersonalityAn individual’s unique and relatively consistentpatterns of thinking, feeling, and behavingPsychoanalytic PerspectivePersonality theories explain how people are similaror different in these patterns.Psychoanalysis: Theory of personality developedby Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)that emphasized:• Unconscious determinants of behaviorand personality• Innate sexual and aggressive instinctualdrives called Eros and Thanatos• Enduring effects of early childhoodexperiences on later personalitydevelopmentFreud contended that personality consistsof three conflicting psychological forces:• The id - irrational, impulsive personalitydimension ruled by pleasure principle• The ego - rational, mediating personalitydimension that operates on realityprinciple• The superego - moralistic, self-evaluativepersonality component consisting of internalizedparental and societal valuesand rulesEgo defense mechanisms: Unconscious distortionsof reality that temporarily reduceanxiety, including:• Repression• Sublimation• Projection• Denial• Regression• Displacement• Rationalization• Reaction formation• UndoingPsychosexual stages: Freud’s five agerelateddevelopmental periods in whichsexual impulses are expressed through differentbodily zones: oral, anal, phallic, latency,and genital• During phallic stage, child must resolveOedipus complex through identificationwith same-sex parent.• Fixation at a particular stage may resultif the developmental conflicts are notsuccessfully resolved.The Neo-Freudians:Carl Jung (1875–1961)• Emphasized psychologicalgrowth and proposed theexistence of the collectiveunconscious and archetypes.Karen Horney (1885–1952)• Emphasized role of socialrelationships in protectingagainst anxiety.Alfred Adler (1870–1937)• Believed most fundamentalhuman motive was tostrive for superiority.Carl Rogers (1902–1987)proposed that:• Actualizing tendency is theinborn drive to maintain andenhance the organism• People are motivated to maintaina consistent self-concept• Conditional positive regard byparents leads to incongruenceso that self-concept conflictswith experience• Unconditional positiveregard by parentsleads to congruenceHumanistic PerspectiveHumanistic psychology emphasizes:• Inherent goodness of people• Self-concept, self-awareness, and freewill• Human potential and psychologicalgrowth• Healthy personality developmentAbraham Maslow (1908–1970)contended that:• People are motivated byhierarchy of needs• People strive for selfactualization