Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5th txtbk

catatonic schizophrenia, 566catecholamines, 504, 505catharsis, 420, 616causality, 26CBT (cognitive-behavioraltherapy), 597–598CCK (cholecystokinin), 325cell body, 46central executive, 238central nervous system(CNS), 56centration, 389cerebellum, 67cerebral cortex, 67cerebral hemisphereaphasia, 72Broca’s area, 73corpus callosum, 68, 72cortical localization, 72, 73defined, 68lateralization of function,72, 73left-handedness, 74, 78left-hemisphere dominance,74, 78male vs. female differencesin, 75overview, 72right-handedness, 74, 78right-hemisphere dominance,74, 78specialized abilities of, 77split-brain operation, 73,76–77Wernicke, Karl, 73cerebrospinal fluid, 56child care’s effects onattachment anddevelopment, 380–381childhoodbehavior, gender differences in,384–386cognitive development in,387–393developmental psychology in,375–384disorders, 536cholecystokinin (CCK), 325chromosomes, 46, 370chronic insomnia, 154chronic negative emotions, 512chunking, 236Civilization and Its Discontents(Freud), 421, 435circadian rhythm, 138–140, 178clairvoyance, 116classical conditioningadvertising and, 192behaviorism, 189biological basis for memoryand, 260–261biological preparedness,197–199cognitive aspects of, 195–196conditioned response (CR),186, 187conditioned stimulus (CS),186, 187contemporary views of,194–199defined, 186drug effects and, 194emotional reactions and,190–193ethical issues, 193evolutionary aspects of,196–199extinction, 189factors that affect conditioning,188–190fears and, 191, 198higher order conditioning,188–189introduction, 185–186operant conditioningcompared, 218phobias and, 198, 541placebo response, 194principles of, 186–187process of, 187reliable signals, 195–196second-order conditioning,188–189spontaneous recovery, 189stimulus discrimination,188, 189stimulus generalization,188, 189survival and, 196taste aversions, 196–199techniques bases on, 588–591unconditioned response(UCR), 186unconditioned stimulus(UCS), 186client-centered therapy, 585–587client characteristics, 603clinical psychologist, 15, 581clinical psychology, 14clustering, 242CNS (central nervous system), 56cocaine, 55, 172–174cochlea, 103codeine, 53, 170cognition. See also cognitivedevelopmentattitudes, cognitive componentof, 467defined, 277late adulthood and aging, cognitivechanges, 407–408cognitive ability test, B–5cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT), 597–598cognitive biases indepression, 596cognitive developmentcentration, 389concrete operational stage,390, 391conservation, 390, 391egocentrism, 389formal operational stage,390–391information-processing modelof, 393irreversibility, 389object permanence, 388,389, 392overview, 387–388Piaget’s theory, criticismsof, 391–393preoperational stage,388–390, 391sensorimotor stage, 388,389, 391symbolic thought, 389zone of proximaldevelopment, 393cognitive dissonance, 468–469cognitive map, 214cognitive perspective, 10, 11cognitive psychology, 14cognitive therapy (CT)cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT), 597–598cognitive biases indepression, 596cognitive therapiescompared, 597defined, 592, 593irrational beliefs, 595negative cognitive bias,391, 596rational-emotive therapy(RET), 592, 593–595coincidence, 116collective unconscious, 428–429collectivistic cultures, 12, 13color, 98, 99color blindness, 100color visionafterimage, 100–101brightness, 98, 99color, 98, 99color blindness, 100experience of color, 98–99how we see color, 100–101hue, 98, 99integrated, explanation of, 101opponent-process theory of,100–101saturation, 98, 99trichromatic theory of,100, 101comparative cognition, 293comparative psychology, 36, 37competence, 342–343comprehension vocabulary, 383compulsions, 544concepts, 278–281conceptually drivenprocessing, 113concrete operational stage,390, 391conditional positive regard, 434conditioned reinforcer, 202, 203conditioned response (CR),186, 187conditioned stimulus (CS),186, 187conduct disorder, 558conduction deafness, 103cones, 95confidentiality, in researchstudies, 33confirmation bias, 19, 23, 288conformityculture and, 476defined, 474evil acts, ordinary peoplecommitting, 482–483factors influencing, 475–476informational social influence,475normative social influence, 475refusal of individual, 483confounding variables, 27conscious experiences, 9consciousnessdefined, 136medication. See medicationmeditation, 163–164memory and, 235overview, 136–137psychoactive drugs. Seepsychoactive drugsregulation of. See biological andenvironmental clocks thatregulate consciousnessconservation, 390, 391contemporary psychologycross-cultural, 13employment settings ofpsychologists, 14overview, 9perspectives in psychology,10–12specialty areas in, 14–15context effect, 246contextual cues, 270contingency management, 592continuous positive airwaypressure (CPAP), 155continuous reinforcement, 210contralateral organization, 67control group, 27, 30conventional level of moraldevelopment, 401convergence, 120cooing and babbling stage oflanguage development,382–383copingculture and, 522defined, 518, 519denial, 520distancing, 520emotion-focused strategies,519–522escape-avoidance strategy, 520fight-or-flight response, 521gender differences in, 5219/11 and coping behaviors,518, 521positive reappraisal, 520problem-focused strategies, 519social support, seeking, 520tend-and-befriend response, 521cornea, 94corpus callosum, 67, 68, 72correlation, A–8–A–11Subject Index SI-3