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IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE PASTIZALES San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México; 22 al 24 de agosto de 2007 Artículos in extenso Área temática: Productividad Habib, P.R., Peña, N.J. Hábitos alimenticios del berrendo (Antillocapra americana) en la región centro de Chihuahua. Bol. Pastizales C.E. “La Campana” INIP-SARH. 1982; (13):6. Heady, H.F., Child, D.R. Rangeland ecology and management. Boulder, Colorado, U.S.: Westview Press; 1994. Hodgson, J. Influence of sward characteristics on diet selection and herbage intake by the grazing animal. In: Hacker, J.B., editor. Nutritional limits to animal production from pastures. Farnham Royal, UK: CAB; 1982: 153-166. Huston, J.E., Pinchak, W.E. Range animal nutrition. In: Heitschmidt RK, Stuth JW, editors. Grazing mangement, and ecological perspective. Portland, Oregon, US: Timber Press; 1991: 27-64. Kirby, D. Humann, M. Forage preference of ewes under intensive and extensive rengeland management. SID. Res. J. 1986; 2(2): 36-42. Kirby, D. Parman, M., Pessin M, Humann, M. Dietary overlap of cattle and sheep on rotarionally grazed rangeland. SID. Res. J. 1988; 4(3): 6-11. NRC. Nutrient requierements of beef cattle. 6 th rev. Ed. Washington, DC, US: National Academy Press; 1984. Ortega, R.L., Castillo, H.J., Rivas, P.F. Foraging behavior in Zebu cattle grazing deciduous forest. XVIII International grassland congress. Winnipeg, Canada. 1999: (5): 23-24. Ortega, R.L., Castillo, H.J., Rivas, P.F., Moguer, O.Y. Aprovechamiento de la vegetación de la selva baja caducifolia para la producción de bovinos en Yucatán. En: Monroy R, Colín H, Boyas J, editores. Los sistemas agroforestales de Latinoamérica y la selva baja caducifolia en México. IICA-INIFAP- UAEM. Cuernavaca, Mor; 2000: 39-48 Ortega, R.L., Rivas, P.F., Castillo, H.J., Moguer, O.Y. Cattle grazing in deciduous forest of the Yucatán Peninsula. Fifth International Rangeland Congress. Salt Lake City, Utha, US. 1996 : 420-421. Ortega, S.J.A., Gonzalez, V.E.A., Ortega, R.L. Importancia de la vegetación nativa en la alimentación animal en zonas tropicales. Primer Simposio Internacional de ganadería tropical sostenible. Memoria Técnica No. 2. Huejutla, Hgo. 1999: 25-32. Pezo, D. Sistemas silvopastoriles. Una opción para el uso sostenible de la tierra en sistemas ganaderos. Boletín Informativo. Máxico, D.F.; FIRA; 1997; (29): 55. Pfister , J.A. Malechek, J.C. The voluntary forage intake and nutrition of goats and sheep in the semi-arid tropics of northeastern Brazil. J. Anim Sci 1986; (63): 1078-1086. Provenza, F.D., Balph, D.F. Applicability of five diet-selection models to variuos foraging challenges rumiants encounter. In: Hughes R.N., editor. Behavioural mechanisms of food selection. Berlin and Heidelberg, Alemania: Spring-Verlag; 1990: 423-460. Pulido, M., Serralta, L. Lista anotada de las plantas medicinales de uso actual en el estado de Quintana Roo, México. CIQRO; 1993:45. SARH. Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos. 1er. Informe de Gobierno del estado de Quintana Roo. Chetumal, Quintana Roo. 1993. Schacht, W.H., Malechek, J.C. Botanical composition of goats diets in thinned and cleared deciduous woodland in northeastern Brazil J. Range Manage 1990; (43): 523-529. Solano, A.R. La ganadería: actividad destructora del medio ambiente?. Agroforestería de las Américas. 1994; 1 (3): 4-5. Soltero, G.S. Importancia del chamizo (Atriplex canescens) en la dieta de bovinos en pastoreo en una matorral microfilo de atriplex prosopis durante la época de sequía (tesis licenciatura). Chihuahua, Chih. Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua; 1980. Sosa, R.E., Zapata, B.G., Moguer, F. Establecimiento y curvas de producción de cinco cultivares de Leucaena leucocephala. XXVI Reunión Nacional de Investigación Pecuaria. Villahermosa, Tab. 1990: 160-162. Spiegel, M.R. Estadística. 2ª ed. México: Mc Graw-Hill Co.; 1991. Tejada, I. Manual de laboratorio para análisis de ingredientes utilizados en la alimentación animal. México. PAIEPEME, AC; 1985. Villanueva, J.E., Miramontes, H.M. Consumo voluntario de forraje y valor nutricional de la dieta de bovinos en pastoreo en una selva mediana subcaducifolia (SMSc). XXXV Reunión Nacional de Investigación Pecuaria. Mérida, Yuc. 1999: 82. 182
IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE PASTIZALES San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México; 22 al 24 de agosto de 2007 Artículos in extenso Área temática: Productividad RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) AND FORAGE YIELDS IN MIXED PASTURES Santillano-Cázares, J. 3 *, J.L. Caddel 1 , D.D. Redfearn 1 , H. Zhang 1 , C.L. Goad 2 1 Professor and Extension Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University. 2 Professor Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University. 3 Professor and Reasearch Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, S.L.P., México. Tel.: 444-852-40-53, Ext. 103. santillano64@hotmail.com ABSTRACT Mixed pastures are typically highly variable in forage yields both in time and space. For pasture management and researching activities, obtaining quick, reliable, convenient, and non destructive estimates of forage yields in pastures would be useful to make informed decisions. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a widely used index that has been used with encouraging results to estimate grain yields of annual crops like wheat (Tritricum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). In mixed pastures, little information exists concerning the degree of association between NDVI and forage yield. The objective of this research was to test a handheld sensor for estimating relative differences of forage yield in mixed grass-legume pastures. During five seasons, NDVI measurements were collected from five fertilizer treatment strips in four pastures. Forage yields were measured immediately after scanning. In four of five seasons, the correlation coefficients (r) were significant but inconsistent. The last two seasons, because of drought, yields were extremely low and the relations were of opposite sign, negative in the spring of 2004-2005 (r = - 0.75, P < 0.001) and positive during in the summer (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). We propose that the relationship is simply random under such of low yields. Contrastingly, in the summer of 2004-2005, when high forage yields were recorded, an r = 0.68 (P < 0.001) was observed, but the correlation substantially increased in the fall of 2005-2006 (r = 0.76, P < 0.001), when forage yields decreased substantially. This evidencing that a probable loss of sensitivity of NDVI occurred as a result of high forage yields compared to when lower forage yields were recorded. It was concluded that NDVI is not a reliable estimator of forage yields in mixed pastures due to a loss of sensitivity under extremes of forage production levels and because a substantial fraction of the yield is often composed by non green forage, while NDVI was designed to detect green tissue. INTRODUCTION In mixed pastures, besides the complexity of including multiple species, these systems are typically highly variable in forage yields both in time and space. Obtaining quick, reliable, convenient, and non destructive estimates of forage yields in pastures would be beneficial to pasture management and research activities. Spectral reflectance is a tool that has been long used in the assessment of amount of several plant parameters like biomass and condition of the vegetation. The principles of the spectral reflectance technology rely on the amount and composition of light reflected from the vegetation. Vegetative indices result from combining two or more spectral bands and several indices have been developed to serve different purposes in the evaluation of different variables of interest of vegetation (Jackson and Huete, 1991). Although with limitations, NDVI has been reported to correlate with certain physical properties of the vegetation canopy like leaf area index, vegetation cover, vegetation condition, and biomass (Carlson and Ripley, 1997). Encouraging results have been obtained using NDVI as a tool to predict grain yield in early stages of growth of corn (Teal et al., 2006) and winter wheat [Mullen 183
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