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IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE PASTIZALES San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México; 22 al 24 de agosto de 2007 Artículos in extenso Área temática: Transferencia de Tecnología production in the arid lands (Solh et al., 2003). There is a wide availability of technology developed in Mexico for arid land management; however, its integration to rangeland conservation has been conditioned to the scarce Ejidatario’s risk capacity, both, economically and technologically. Culture for Cattle Production Nowadays, due to market pressure, “cattle culture” posses new components to maintain industry cost-effectiveness as well as ecosystem persistence within healthy levels. Herds are comparable among years and among owners through diverse measures for efficiency, resultant from the cattleman ability and interest on efficiency improvements, without damage to their land productivity, these include: age at first calving, calving intervals, percentages of calving , weaning percentages, calve weaning weights, age to market, weight to several ages, weight to market, carcass weight, etc. Those represent important parameters to be improved through good management technology, without grassland detriment condition. Most Ejidatarios do not utilize those standard values to define herd efficiency. Valuable knowledge for herd efficiency parameters and the way to improve them will result in efficient production schemes and renewable resources from the rangeland, mainly, due to the fact that supporting rangeland condition will be reflected on an increased and sustained productivity. Cultural support to the rangeland, unknown in Mexico, will result in a better life quality and income for land owners. The constant is to remain alert to rangeland and herd efficiency requirements. Programs for cattle culture promotion among the producers have been developed in Mexico (Roman et al., 2001), those represent an excellent initiative; however, cattlemen assimilation has been extremely slow, mainly due to the scarce support to the program and to the generated advising dependence from the extensionist. The success of these programs for cattle production and culture promotion at least may result in efficient rangeland destruction, if it does not promote improvement rangeland cultural activities, opposed to free grazer’s scheme. The best situation will result of the integration of cattle with rangeland culture. CONCLUSIONS • Livestock production on rangeland represents the soundest utilization of arid ecosystems. The challenge for arid rangelands is to produce under ecologically friendly conditions. • Rangeland management schemes must consider drought and low winter temperatures as constant phenomena. • Common land property systems tie peasants to inefficient production systems which have promoted migration. • Any land property system resultant to PROCEDE program, must establish and enforce rules for grassland use. Traditional support for uncontrolled grazing must be eliminated. • Rain-fed agriculture and stubble grazing is the fastest way to desertification. • Technological development to improve successful rain-fed activities with perennial grasses, supporting arid rangelands is a requirement for research development. CITED LITERATURE 216
IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE PASTIZALES San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México; 22 al 24 de agosto de 2007 Artículos in extenso Área temática: Transferencia de Tecnología Ash AJ, Mc Ivor JG. 2005. Constraints to pastoral systems in marginal environments. In: McGilloway DA (ed.) Grassland: a global resource. Wageningen Academic Pub. pp. 17-28. Netherlands. Baer RD. 1990. Food policy, migration and malnutrition: the view from northwestern México. Ecology and Food Nutrition. 17: 245-251. Bestlemeyer BT, Herrick JE, Brown JR, Trujillo DA, Havstad KM. 2004. Land management in the American southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity. Environmental Management. 34: 38-51. Bowman AF, Van der Hoek KW, Eickhout B, Soenario I. 2005. Exploring changes in world ruminant production systems. Agricultural Systems 84:121-153. Briske DD. 1991. Developmental morphology and physiology of grasses. In: RK Heitschmidt, Stuth JW (eds.) Grazing Management. An Ecological Perspective. Timber Press. pp. 27-63. Portland, Oregon, USA. Briske DD. 1993. Grazing optimization: a plea for a balanced perspective. Ecological Applications. 3: 24- 26. de Soyza AG, Withford WG, Herrick JE. 1997. Sensitivity testing of indicators of ecosystem health. Ecosystem Health. 3: 44-53. Diario Oficial de la Federacion (DOF). 2003. 25 de Julio. Reglas y Anexos de Operacion para la Alianza para el Campo para la Reconversion Productiva. SAGARPA. Mexico. 99p. Delgado CL. 2005. Rising demand for meat and milk in developing countries: implications for grasslandbased livestock production. In: McGilloway DA (ed.) Grassland: a global resource. Wageningen Academic Pub. pp. 29-39. Netherlands. Duany W. 1999. Customary law and ways of life in transition among the Nuer of South Sudan. In: Niamir- Fuller M (ed.) Managing mobility in African rangelands. The legitimization of transhumance. FAO- BIIEE. pp. 124-147. London, UK. Erdenebaatar B. 2003. Mongolia case study 1: Studies on long-distance transhumant grazing systems in Uvs and Khuvsgul aimags of Mongolia. In: Suttie JM, SG Reynolds (eds.). Transhumant grazing systems in Asia. FAO. Plant Protection Series. No. 31. pp. 31-68. Rome. Evans J, Geerken R. 2004. Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation. Journal of Arid Environments. 57: 535-554. Gates M. 1988. Codifying marginality: The evolution of Mexican agricultural policy and its impact on the peasantry. Journal of Latin American. Studies. 20: 277-311. González MH. 1966. Relación entre la condición de pastizal y la producción forrajera en diversos sitios de pastizal y tipos vegetativos en el estado de Chihuahua. Rancho Expt. La Campana. Chihuahua, México. Haenn N. 2006. The changing and enduring ejido: a state and regional examination of México’s land tenure counter-reforms. Land Use Policy: 23: 136-146. Kaplan H, Kopishke K. 1992. Resource use, traditional technology, and change among native peoples of lowland South America. In: Redford KH, C Padoch (eds) Conservation of neotropical forests. Columbia University Press. pp: 83-107. New York. Kemp DR, Michalk DL. 2005. Grasslands for production and the environment. In: McGilloway DA (ed.) Grassland: a global resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 193-208.Netherlands. Kibblewhite, M. G. 2005. Soil quality assessment and management. In: McGilloway DA (ed.) Grassland: a global resource. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 219-226. Netherlands. Liverman MD. 1990. Drought impacts in México: Climate, agriculture, technology and land tenure in Sonora and Puebla. Annals of the Asociation of American Geographers. 80: 49-72. Lobe I, W Amenlung, Du Preez CC. 2001. Losses of carbon and nitrogen with prolonged arable cropping from sandy soils of the South African Highveld. Europ. J of Soil Sci. 52: 93-101. 217
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