Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Evaluation for phosphorus-use efficiency Greenhouse potted soil (a mixture of subsoil and acid-washed sand) experiment was conducted to evaluate variation in phosphorus use and response efficiency. Nodulation generally varied among genotypes and so was the response to phosphorus application. Nodulation was highest in dual purpose lines such as IT98K-166-44 but response to phosphorus application was higher in IT89KD-288 than IT98K-166-44. There were highly significant (P≤0.001) genotype, phosphorus and genotype phosphorus effects on the utilization of P for shoot development. The genotype IT89KD-288 was the most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 was the least under low phosphorus conditions. Among the early maturing lines, IT03K-351-1 formed the largest nodular tissue under low phosphorus conditions and depended least on higher soil available phosphorus for nodule formation and development. In the other genotypes however, nodulation was relatively low under low phosphorus conditions but the increase in nodule mass development in response to the high soil available phosphorus ranged from 83 to 515%. Genotypic differences in phosphorus utilization under both low and high phosphorus conditions were not extensive (P ≤ 0.05) even though IT00K-1263 appeared to have performed better under low phosphorus conditions than most genotypes within the early maturity group. S qg of germplasm lines for drought tolerance Over 1,200 cowpea accessions among the germplasm maintained at IITA were randomly selected and screened for drought tolerance in the field. The screening was carried out during the dry season. Drought stress was imposed by withdrawing irrigation at five weeks after sowing while none stressed plots were irrigated until plants matured. Data were collected on number of days to flower, extent of wilting, and number of days to maturity as well as mean seed weight and seed weight per plant (see Figures 2 and 3). Most plants flowered and matured earlier when drought stressed. Drought stressed plants also produced lower grain yield per plant. Many of the germplasm lines remained green even at seven weeks of no irrigation. However, a few of these plants did not set flowers and therefore produced no seeds but remained green and stunted. About 190 accessions with enhanced drought tolerance have been identified from this screening activity. These selected lines were further evaluated in pots placed in the screen house. Drought was imposed on the potted plants from three weeks after sowing and those that survived for more than four weeks thereafter were regarded as being most drought tolerant. Some of these lines were selected and used in making crosses among them and between them and some farmer-preferred varieties. Frequency 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Non stressed Stressed 36.9-45.8 45.9-54.8 54.9-63.8 63.9-72.8 72.9-81.8 No of days Figure 5-6: Number of days to flowering 98 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
1200 1000 Frequency 800 600 400 Non Stressed Stressed 200 0 0.32-10.31 10.32-20.31 20.32-30.31 30.32-40.31 40.32-50.31 50.32-60.31 weight Figure 5-7: Seed weight (g) per plant Making crosses and developing segregating populations The best of the germplasm lines in terms of enhanced drought tolerance were crossed to one another and also to improved breeding lines that farmers had selected during PVS. There were over 200 cross combinations comprising single crosses, three way crosses and double crosses. These have been advanced to F 8 , F 7 , F 6 and F 5 generations, depending on when the crosses were made. Additional crosses have been made using lines obtained from our collaborating NARS breeders’ nurseries. Selection will be made from these segregating populations for plants with superior drought tolerance and also possessing traits desired by farmers and consumers. Number of crosses made and advanced Single crosses = 38 Three way crosses = 83 Double cross = 85 Crosses with lines from IER and INRAN = 17 (In F 3 and F 4 generations) Screening for resistance to aphids The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is a major pest of cowpea, especially at the seedling stage (particularly when there is drought). A combination of aphid attack and drought could have devastating effects on cowpea seedlings in the field. Many of the varieties that were developed with resistance to this pest now succumb to it. We have screened a number of cowpea germplasm lines but found very low levels of resistance among them. Wild cowpea relatives were also screened for resistance to this pest and about three of them that are cross compatible with cowpea were detected with moderate to good levels of resistance to aphid (Figure 4). Efforts are on to introgress the resistance genes into some FPVs. Progress of Phase 1 99
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9:
Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
Page 122 and 123: 112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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