Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Technology generation Mechanistic studies on drought resistance Work at CIAT headquarters in Colombia involved both breeding in support of the program in Africa, and physiology work as a complement to breeding. At the outset of the TL II project, substantial progress had been made in improving the drought resistance of the small seeded Mesoamerican beans. This was carried out in part under a BMZ-Germany, funded project in which Nicaragua, Rwanda and Malawi participated. In 2009 and 2010, small red-seeded varieties with drought resistance were formally released from that effort in Rwanda and Nicaragua. The research in TL II built on that experience, and sought to extend it to the medium-to-large seeded beans of the Andean gene pool. Mechanisms being investigated involve both roots to access soil moisture, particularly from deeper soil layers, and remobilization of photosynthate to grain (partitioning of biomass). Studies on mechanisms of drought resistance: We continued to evaluate a set of 36 elite lines in our drought season from June to September in CIAT-Colombia. Year to year rainfall variability created different patterns of drought stress, and over the past three years we have experienced light intermittent drought (2008), terminal drought (2009), and low rainfall that extended over much of the vegetative period (2010) (Figure 6-8). Each pattern of drought affected the crop response differently, and ranking of genotypes changed somewhat under different patterns (Table 6-20). Light intermittent drought in 2008 resulted in very acceptable yields of drought-selected lines, although there were still wide differences in relation to the commercial check. Under terminal drought (2009), early materials ranked relatively better, as would be expected. These included SER 125 (released in Nicaragua), SER 16 (released in Rwanda), and G40001 (Phaseolus acutifolius). SER 78 was the highest yielder in 2009 and was mediocre in other years. In 2010 occasional but light rainfall during the vegetative phase of the crop resulted in more modest shoot development, and the ranking of some lines changed substantially. SXB 412 and SXB 405, both types developed for Brazil, and with adaptation to poor soil, ranked relatively better, whereas early materials were mid-to-low in ranking. This pattern of drought stress due to low rainfall during vegetative growth might have stimulated more early root growth in some genotypes, while the early materials did not benefit from this capacity. On the other hand, SXB 412 and SXB 405 were both mediocre under intermittent and terminal drought in 2008 and 2009, respectively. A few entries, particularly black-seeded lines, were excellent under all patterns of drought, as well as with adequate soil moisture provided through irrigation. SEN 56 stood out among these. In spite of being relatively early to mature, it was the best line in 2010 when other early materials slipped in ranking. NCB 226 was especially noteworthy, since it was also one of the best lines under combined stress of low P and drought (see Table 6-20 below). Both lines have excellent remobilization of photosynthates to grain, a trait that is shared with SER 118 (small red) which was also very good in 2010, and has performed well under low soil fertility conditions. These observations bode well for the potential of developing varieties of common bean with multiple stress resistance. However, these results also indicate how complex the interactions of stress are on the crop. Plant responses to different types of stress may well be independent traits, and if this is the case, it appears that they can be recombined in lines such as NCB 226. Correlations between yield and plant attributes under irrigated and rainfed conditions of the 36 lines varied somewhat from year to year, probably reflecting the different rainfall patterns in each year (Table 6-21). For example, days to flowering varied from -0.28 to -0.59, and leaf area index varied from -.09 to 0.44 in rainfed trials. However, pod harvest index (PHI) or the percent of pod biomass that is represented by seed weight, was the most consistently positive, and is a trait that should be considered as a selection criterion for breeding. 138 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 6-20: Yield (kg per ha) of elite lines and checks under three patterns of drought and two seasons with irrigation. Patterns of drought included: light intermittent (2008); terminal (2009); and low rainfall throughout the vegetative cycle (2010). Line/ check Yield (kg per ha) under drought Yield (kg per ha) under irrigation 2008 Rank 2009 Rank 2010 Rank Ave. Rank 2008 Rank 2009 Rank 2010 rank Ave. rank SEN 56 2986 1 1236 9 2210 1 2144 1 2343 10 3358 2 4150 1 3284 2 NCB 226 2610 3 1381 4 2164 3 2052 2 2674 3 2989 9 3808 2 3157 3 NCB 280 2491 6 1403 2 2182 2 2025 3 2379 8 2702 17 3659 4 2914 8 SER 113 2606 4 1237 8 1682 12 1842 4 1960 14 3031 6 3607 5 2866 10 SEN 36 2188 10 1267 5 2034 4 1829 5 3059 1 3840 1 3345 14 3414 1 SEA 15 2077 15 1384 3 1800 6 1753 6 2196 11 2754 14 3363 11 2771 13 SER 125 2504 5 1266 6 1484 18 1751 7 1909 16 2836 11 2964 16 2570 16 SER 118 2161 12 1095 13 1980 5 1746 8 2148 12 3028 7 3311 15 2829 12 SER 109 2313 9 1208 11 1709 10 1743 9 2364 9 2761 13 3526 6 2884 9 SXB 415 2479 7 1108 12 1607 14 1731 10 2383 7 3262 4 3354 13 3000 7 SXB 418 2669 2 827 20 1649 13 1715 11 1637 20 2405 21 3375 10 2472 17 SER 78 2155 13 1489 1 1494 16 1713 12 1926 15 2735 15 2756 19 2472 18 SER 16 2330 8 1232 10 1558 15 1707 13 2517 5 3135 5 2842 18 2832 11 RCB 273 2171 11 942 16 1734 9 1616 14 2039 13 2662 18 3472 7 2724 14 SXB 412 1952 16 1031 14 1796 7 1593 15 2497 6 3300 3 3668 3 3155 4 SXB 405 1794 19 1015 15 1739 8 1516 16 2589 4 3017 8 3416 9 3007 6 BAT 477 1941 17 858 18 1691 11 1497 17 1904 17 2574 19 2670 20 2382 20 G 40001 1606 21 1257 7 1450 19 1438 18 1049 21 2547 20 2888 17 2161 21 DOR 390 2084 14 810 21 1322 20 1406 19 1689 19 2727 16 3362 12 2593 15 Carioca 1821 18 867 17 1492 17 1393 20 2855 2 2981 10 3444 8 3093 5 T. Canela 1786 20 827 19 1283 21 1299 21 1819 18 2788 12 2646 21 2418 19 LSD (0.05) ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Progress of Phase 1 139
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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