Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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private sector lacks the incentive to participate in the enhanced delivery of seeds of these crops as the size of the market is small and farmers are able to use recycled seed for 3-5 years. Strengthening the ongoing farmer-based seed production program and revolving seed scheme by improving farmers’ skills in seed multiplication can assist in increasing the supply of seed for improved varieties both within communities and to the formal seed system. The revolving seed scheme, where target farmers are often organized into groups or cooperatives, accesses a certain amount of seed of improved varieties from a supplier (e.g. NGO or Ministry of Agriculture) and returns at least the same amount of seed in-kind, is an important mechanism in the absence of adequate supply of improved seed to reach all farmers. Currently, the scheme is run for disseminating improved varieties by the district agricultural offices although there is a possibility to involve cooperatives. Capacity Building Training of farmers Training was provided to 6,205 farmers on various aspects of improved crop and seed production, seed storage and utilization technologies of chickpea in Ethiopia (4,829), Tanzania (521) and Kenya (855). Field days, farmers’ fairs In total, 25 field days were conducted in target locations of Kenya (11), Tanzania (8) and Ethiopia (6) with participation of 2,523 farmers (Kenya-855; Tanzania-958; Ethiopia-710). During the field days farmers were asked to select preferred varieties along with preference criteria. The comprehensive analysis from this activity facilitated the release of the new varieties in each country and helped in planning for seed production strategy. Farmers’ preference criteria also provided feedback to researchers and development personnel involved in chickpea to devise the research strategy for Phase II. In Kenya, researchers along with human nutritionists also demonstrated the utility aspect of chickpea in the form of various products such as chapati, githeri, stew, mandazi, cake, samosa, doughnuts, buns, grits, and beverage and elicited feedback on preferred products (githeri and stew). Awareness activities Awareness activities were conducted through radio, television, newpaper, popular articles and telephone conversations. PVS village network, demonstrations, annual farmer field days, rural seed fairs, and agricultural shows were used in awareness creation. In Kenya, policymakers were engaged in awareness creation. Proceedings of all the field days were broadcast on public media (Ethiopian Television, Ethiopian Radio, Ethiopian News Agency, and newspapers) in Amharic, Oromifa and English. Television and radio broadcasts with live interviews and newspaper articles about new varieties have become a norm throughout the project sites in Tanzania. Information bulletin on ‘Improved chickpea technologies and seed production in Ethiopia’ was produced and shared with all the stakeholders. Manuals in seed production also produced in Swahili (Tanzania). Flyers describing chickpea have been printed in Amharic and Swahili and distributed to farmers in project sites (more than 5,000 flyers). Training of extension personnel A total of 114 MoA staff and NGO’s were trained as master trainers on chickpea production technology (Table 8-12). 186 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 8-12: Details of participation in production technology Country Training focus Participants Tanzania Chickpea production and storage, PVS 48 extension and collaborating NGOs staff approach and facilitation, basic data collection skills Ethiopia Chickpea production technology 30 Subject Matter Specialists /Development Agents from Wereda Bureau of Agriculture Kenya Chickpea production technology and utilization 36 extension staff Similarly, 26 officers, 64 development agents, 22 farmers, 50 research technicians and 110 extension officers were trained in seed production and management in Ethiopia. A total of 120 farmers (78 men and 42 women) from three districts of Tanzania participated in one-day training on seed farm management, processing and grading of Quality Declared Seed. Four field days on chickpea scaling up and demonstration were held in Ethiopia with participation of 455 farmers, 30 agricultural officers, 10 research technicians, 10 technical assistants, 20 officers from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), one from the Ethiopian Seed Enterprise, three representatives of Farmers, Cooperatives Unions, and other stakeholders. Training of scientists and research technicians A one-month training course on “Chickpea Breeding and Seed Production” was organized at ICRISAT- Patancheru during Jan-Feb 2008 and 2009, involving 12 participants (Table 8-13) from ESA, i.e. four each from Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. The topics covered included on whole range of topics starting from reproductive biology, crossing, breeding methods (conventional and biotechnological, conduct of multilocational trials, data collection, resistance breeding, quality seed production and safe seed storage. The participants also had opportunity to visit other organizations in Hyderabad working on seed-related research, seed production, and seed quality testing. Table 8-13: Details of training participants from ESA Name Gender Country Affiliation Year Mussa J. Hedo Male Ethiopia Debre-Zeit 2008 Ketema D. Abdi Male Ethiopia Debre-Zeit 2008 Robert O. Kileo Male Tanzania LZARDI-Ukiriguru 2008 Everina P. Lukonge Female Tanzania ART-Ukiriguru 2008 Paul K. Kimurto Male Kenya Egerton University 2008 Peter Kaloki Male Kenya ICRISAT-Nairobi 2008 Million Eshete Male Ethiopia Debre-Zeit 2009 Abebe Atilaw Male Ethiopia Debre-Zeit 2009 Epifania E. Temu Female Tanzania LZARD-Ukiriguru 2009 Stella G. Chirimi Female Tanzania LZARD-Ukiriguru 2009 Bernard K. Towett Male Kenya Egerton University 2009 Wilson M Thagana Male Kenya KARI-Njoro 2009 Development of infrastructure facilities In all, the target countries’ basic infrastructure facilities at the farm level have been established/upgraded to ensure proper conduct of experiments and assured seed multiplication, as given below: • KARI-Njoro: Renovation of existing irrigation facilities to produce seed under assured irrigation both during main and off-seasons; Progress of Phase 1 187
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243: Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
Page 244 and 245: In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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