Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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A 10-day intensive training workshop on groundnut breeding methods and techniques was held at ICRISAT-Mali from 26 January to 6 February 2009 for research assistants and scientists. A total of eight participants (two from IER, Mali, two from INRAN, Niger, three from IAR, Nigeria and one from ICRISAT) attended the workshop. The course covered a range of topics organized in 10 modules. Two technical guides in groundnut breeding and PVS were prepared and their soft copies were made available to the participants. The project also contributed to the training of research technicians from IER, Mali, INRAN, Niger and ICRISAT-Mali in data capture and analysis using the GENSTAT statistical program from 9-20 February 2009. A total of 33 participants attended the training. Degree training Two PhD students (from Niger and Nigeria) at the West Africa Center for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, were mentored to formulate and present their thesis research project proposals in groundnut breeding. Training farmers Before the implementation of the PVS trials, a 1- to 2-day training session was conducted for the participating farmers in the respective locations. Group meetings were also held during field monitoring by the project staff. More than 2,000 persons including farmers and extension agents have benefitted from the training by the end of 2009. In 2010, a total of 150 women from the farmer groups in five villages in Sanakoroba district of Mali participated in a pre-sowing 2-day training program in good practices of producing groundnut. In addition, 10 village (all men) agents and 2 staff (1woman and one man) of PLAN-Mali also benefited from the training. ICRISAT-Mali provided the facility. IER-Mali facilitated training of 75 farmers in integrated crop management at the sites in the Kayes region where demonstration plots were established. Establishing an efficient improvement program for NARS At the beginning of the project no hybridization activity was conducted at any of the participating NARS. After the training of technicians in managing crossing blocks, and the rehabilitated facilities, hybridization has been initiated at INRAN and IAR Farmer-friendly literature ICRISAT prepared simplified brochures on varieties grown in Mali and crop management in French for eventual translation into Bambara. Lessons learned/concerns • The release of new breeding lines remains a very slow process. This is largely due to variety release committees not meeting or the NARS partners not being aggressive enough to promote new varieties through nationally coordinated trials and on-farm validation tests. However, through PVS the variety release process can be fast-tracked; • The major challenge facing women groundnut farmers is the limited access to good land and farm equipment to reduce drudgery in the production and processing of groundnut; • The project involves many sites - some in isolated locations - making coordination and monitoring a challenge. Focusing on one key region per county will be the most effective in terms of resource use and sustainability. Successful interventions can be replicated in other regions. 76 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Constraints The main constraints cited by the partners are: • Lack of reliable transport to monitor activities, thus limiting the spread of activities; • Lack of suitable cold storage to maintain seed in good conditions before planting; • Poorly motivated technicians; • Difficulty of identifying candidate for graduate degree training programs and the delays in starting course work; • A lack of a critical mass of scientists in Niger and Mali to carry out groundnut breeding activities; and • Fund disbursement procedures coupled with different accounting systems in the NARS has created challenges that can have a negative effect the full implementation of the project. his was the case for Nigeria. Perspectives The investments made by ICRISAT and partners over the last 15 years have generated valuable technologies and knowledge which is having a positive effect on the livelihoods of groundnut farmers in the target countries. This project will create a solid platform for sustainable up-scaling of the options and impact of these technologies and others in the pipeline. The second phase will include the full range of production, post-harvest, utilization and market development in each country to ensure that value-addition is addressed early and that producers also benefit through better market elasticity. Seed Production and Delivery Systems The major constraints limiting performance of groundnut seed systems in West Africa include: • Limited access to seed of newly bred varieties; • Limited supply of breeder/foundation/certified and commercial seed of varieties preferred by farmers or required by the markets; • Seed production is subsidized and inefficient; • Uncertain and thin seed demand; • National variety release committees are missing, non-functional or meet irregularly; • Weak integration between seed and product markets; and • Lack of enabling policy and institutional environments. Constraints to groundnut seed supply and delivery systems identified For illustrative purposes, groundnut seed channels as well as institutions are mapped below in the case of Nigeria. Variety development is carried out by the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR). Variety is released by the Crop Variety and Registration Committee (CVRC). While Breeder Seed production is the sole responsibility of IAR, Foundation Seed production is the responsibility of the National Seed Services (NSS) who contract other institutions such as IAR and the Agricultural and Rural Development Authorities of the state ministries of Agriculture commonly referred to as ADPs. Other classes of seed are produced by private companies and community based organizations (CBOs). Progress of Phase 1 77
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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