Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Introduction Chickpea is grown in ESA countries namely Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi and Kenya and to a little extent in Eritrea, Sudan, and Uganda. During the last decade area under chickpea has been almost constant, hovering around 350,000 to 390,000 ha. Productivity was less than 700 kg per ha until 2006 (Table 8-1). Ethiopia is the major chickpea producer in the region occupying about 60% of the total area. Chickpea provides unique opportunity of enhancing legume production in Africa as it does not compete for area with other major legumes. Groundnut, cowpea, soybean and common bean are the wet season (rainy season) legumes, whereas chickpea is a dry-season (post-rainy season) legume. There is not much choice of legumes for growing on the residual moisture in the post-rainy season, the conditions and season in which chickpea is grown. Chickpea is indeed a bonus crop in Kenya and Tanzania. After harvest of maize/wheat in Kenya or maize/rice in Tanzania, the land is normally left fallow until the next cropping season (rainy season). Chickpea is planted immediately after the harvest of cereals and grows under residual moisture thus giving farmers a second crop (where only one crop would traditionally be grown) hence income, and nutrition. Further, policy makers and peoples’ representatives in Kenya are also in favor of drought tolerant chickpea, and have earmarked constituency development fund to promote this crop. The bulk of chickpea produced in Eastern Africa is consumed locally, adding to the nutrition of people; only Ethiopia exports a substantial amount of its chickpea produced. Chickpea has more diversified uses than any other food legume. The green leaves are used as leafy vegetable and are superior to spinach and cabbage in mineral content. The green immature seed is used as a snack or vegetable. Selling green pods for green grains is highly profitable as these are sold around US $ 1 to US$ 1.5 per kg and weigh 2-3 times higher than dry grains. The dry seed splits and flour are used in a variety of other preparations like githeri, stew, mandazi, cake, samosa, doughnuts, buns, chapati and grits. Table 8-1: Area, production and productivity trends in ESA and Ethiopia Year Area (000 ha) Production (000 MT) Productivity (kg per ha) ESA 1 2001-03 380.6 247.2 650 2004-06 358.2 246.5 687 2006 371.9 264.4 710 2007 381.7 297.5 779 2008 389.7 327.1 837 2009 412.1 369.9 896 Ethiopia 2 2003-05 174.3 168.0 964 2006 200.1 253.9 1269 2007 226.8 286.8 1265 2008 233.4 312.1 1337 1 = data source FAO, and 2 = data from CSA (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia) 178 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Locations and partners Three ESA countries were involved along with target districts/locations mentioned in Table 8-2. Table 8-2: Project locations and partners for chickpea research in ESA Country NARS partner Region/Province Zone/district District/division Scientist Ethiopia EIAR/Debre Zeit Oromia E. Shewa Gimbichu, Lume, Ejere Asnake Fikre, Kebebew Assefa, Amhara N. Shewa Minjar-Shenkora, Million Eshete, Moretna-Jirus Nigussie Girma N. Gondar Debre-Tabor SNNPR Gurage Sodo Tanzania LZARDI, Ukiriguru Mwanza Lake Zone Misungwi, Kwimba Shinyanga Shinyanga, Kishapu Kenya KARI-Njoro Rift Valley Bomet Siongoroi, Longissa Nakuru Gilgil, Naivasha Socio-Economics/Targeting Robert Kileo, Everina Lukonge, Epifania Temu, Joachim Joseph, Raphael Habai Wilson M.Thagana, Ngari Macharia During the Phase 1 base line data conducted in Ethiopia provided very valuable information on several aspects of chickpea value-chain on production, seed systems and marketing. The summarized account of same are presented below. Cropping pattern Bread wheat and white tef were the most common crops produced among the 700 sampled households in Gimbichu (149), Lume-Ejere (300) and Minjar-Shenkora (251). When it comes to share of crop area allocated to improved varieties, kabuli chickpea takes the lead (42.5%) followed by bread wheat (36%). Desi chickpea is the third most popular crop produced by 53.6% of the sampled households. Crop yields The average yield for kabuli chickpea was relatively higher in Minjar-Shenkora district (3285 kg per ha) compared to the other two districts (Gimbichu-2374 kg per ha and Lume-Ejre-2389 kg per ha), whereas for desi chickpea there seems to be no yield difference across the three districts (Minja-Shenkora-1877 kg per ha, Gimbichu-1913 kg per ha and Lume-Ejre-1988 kg per ha). Use of manure and fertilizers Fertilizer used in chickpea was relatively much less than its use in wheat and tef. For kabuli, the average amount of DAP and urea used per ha amounts to 16 and 11 kg, respectively, whereas the amount used for desi chickpea was by far less (3.4 kg each of DAP and Urea). Manure application is also popular especially in Lume-Ejere and Minjar-Shenkora districts. Progress of Phase 1 179
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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