Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Project sites Tamil Nadu The present seed replacement rate in the state is around 3.0%. Local traders are the major suppliers of the seed. Hence, the genetic purity and minimum germination standards are not assured. The cost of seed is usually high due to transportation charges. Furthermore, the supply of seed is restricted to old varieties. In a few districts, farmers save their own seed, but this practice is not common in coastal districts due to high rainfall and high relative humidity, leading to quick loss of seed viability, besides lack of proper storage facilities and financial reason. Participation of private seed companies is practically absent. In Tamil Nadu, the state agricultural university produces the Nucleus and Breeder Seed of groundnut, while Department of Agriculture of the state government produces the Foundation and Certified Seed. Strategies to improve the quality seed supply in time: 1. Improve the formal seed systems through a vibrant public sector organization/agency: There is a great opportunity to establish a dedicated autonomous state seed corporation in Tamil Nadu or forming an independent seed producing agency as a wing of Department of Agriculture; and 2. Promote informal seed sector to meet the huge demand of the quality seed of groundnut. Karnataka The seed replacement ratio in the state during 2007-08 was 9.5 % with a huge gap between demand and supply, which is often met by supply of non-descript seed by traders as TMV 2. Although the seed replacement is slightly better than the situation in the country, TMV 2, an obsolete variety, is still distributed through seed chain due to non-availability of seed of new improved varieties in the seed chain. The Nucleus and Breeder Seed is produced by state agricultural universities, while Certified and Truthfully Labeled Seed is produced and distributed to farmers by state seed corporations, farmers’ societies and agricultural universities. The role of private sector is negligible. Although some farmers save their own seed, the seed demand is largely met by supply of seed by traders which, in general, is non-descript. Strategies to improve the quality seed supply in time: 1. Promote informal seed sector to meet the seed demand and replace obsolete varieties; and 2. Link formal and informal seed sectors for quality seed supply. The approach The TL II project for groundnut is implemented in two states in India - Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.The major activities under this project include increased production of Breeder and Foundation Seed to enhance the availability of quality seed of improved varieties in the seed chain, promote alternative seed systems to meet the seed demand, enhanced seed delivery and local seed production and storage capabilities and capacity building. Significant achievements have been made in all the areas. Project accomplishments Infrastructure and equipment The breeder seed production facilities were strengthened at four NARS research stations, one in Tamil Nadu and three in Karnataka. At TNAU, repairs were made to the existing seed storage godown and threshing floors, and fresh plant threshers and other processing equipment have been purchased. 28 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
The existing seed storage unit and threshing-cum-drying yard at ZARS, Hiriyur, UAS-Bangalore, was strengthened and used for various seed production activates. The research station of UAS-Dharwad at Bagalkot district has also been strengthened with infrastructure facilities for Seed production. Fresh plant threshers were purchased and seed storage godown facility is extended. The threshing and drying yards and storage godown were strengthened with cement concrete at ARS-Raichur. At five centers of NARS, two in Tamil Nadu and three in Karnataka, small-scale seed productionprocessing-storage facilities of about 500 – 1000 MT are facilitated under the project implementation. Storage godowns are repaired or extended to increase the capacity and quality of storage. Fresh plant threshers have been procured at all the four centers to enable large scale stripping of pods in seed production plots. The drying floors are also strengthened with cement concrete to enable optimum drying of pods which enhances the longevity and viability of seed. Seed Production of Breeder, Foundation, Certified and Truthfully-Labeled Seed During the project period a total of 159.09 MT of Nucleus/Breeder seed is produced in both the states; 19.07 MT of Nucleus seed, and 97.60 MT of Breeder seed are produced in Tamil Nadu and 42.42 MT of breeder seed is produced in Karnataka (Tables 2-14, 2-16 and 2-17). Tamil Nadu Two seed systems were implemented. In Nammakal district, the PDKV model was promoted. In PDKV model, 2 kg pods of improved varieties were distributed to farmers, who multiply them two seasons to produce 20 kg in first season, and then 200 kg at end of second season. This 200 kg pod is sufficient to raise a crop in 1 ha field in the third season. The cycle is repeated with 2 kg of selected pods from 3 rd season. Self-sufficiency in seed is attained by the farmers through PDKV. A second model of informal system has been adopted in Erode and Thiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu, where seed production is taken up in a village from the basic seed supplied by the University. The seed procurement could then be done by traders or farmers directly. Farmers’ associations and nongovernmental organizations could be involved in organizing seed production or seed procurement for distribution. Progress of Phase 1 29
Page 1 and 2: Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3: TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9: Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
Page 10 and 11: NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13: TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15: country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17: Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19: Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27: Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89:
Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91:
Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95:
100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101:
irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
Page 124 and 125:
Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163:
Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167:
farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175:
Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179:
Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181:
Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185:
Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229:
Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243:
Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
Page 244 and 245:
In Nigeria, across locations mean p
Page 246 and 247:
Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249:
Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
Page 252 and 253:
Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 254 and 255:
Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
Page 256 and 257:
utilization and marketing. In Niger
Page 258 and 259:
Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
Page 260:
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