Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Adoption studies Adoption studies for soybean technologies in Northern Nigeria were undertaken within the framework of the Tropical Legumes II (TL II) project show that the most popular soybean varieties used by farmers are TGX 1955-5F and TGX 1858-20E. The most important characteristics in assessing improved soybean quality are grain yield, grain quality, adaptability, fodder yield and early maturity. Most farmers rely on international/national research institutes and public extension services as the first source of improved seed. With respect to the degree of adoption, the proportion of land allocated to improved varieties averages 36% of the total land cropped to soybean. The likelihood of adopting improved varieties is affected by farmer’s age and gender, access to information, frequency of contact with extension agents, experience in soybean production, and availability of seed market. The intensity of adoption is influenced by farmers’ level of education, availability of non-farm income, experience in soybean production and number of fields owned by farmers. Policies aiming at increasing improved seeds access such as public and private partnerships to promote community-based and private seed multiplication and enhancement of farmers’ participation in improved soybean promotional activities may lead to significant increases in access to improved seeds and sustain the use of improved seeds at large scale. Baseline studies Soybean is one of the most important and fastest growing oil-bearing crops in the world. Soybean accounts for 37% of the global area under oilseeds, and contributes 28% to vegetable oil production. Its production has been growing at 4.7% per annum with yield and areal growths of 1.3% and 3.3% per annum respectively. Its growth has been driven more by area increases than yield improvements. The crop’s adaptability to varied agro-ecological environments, namely the tropics, subtropics and temperate is one of the main reasons for its rapid spread across the globe. Soybean grows in all places and matures in 3 to 6 months. The pod is hairy and contains two to three seed. It grows best if planted in pure stands. The crop also improves soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere. Some varieties fix 44 to 103 kg N per hectare annually and some varieties can yield as higher as 3 MT per hectare. Across the globe, soybean has a wide diversity of varieties. The continent’s largest producer is Nigeria. Some of the varieties popularly grown by farmers throughout the world including Nigeria are: M351, Samsoy 1 and 2, TGx 536-02D, TGx 923-1E, TGx 1440- 1E, TGx 1448-2E, TGx 306-036C, and TGx 1485-1ED.I Improved soybean varieties released in Nigeria in particular include TGx 849-313D, TGx 1019-2EN, TGx 1019- 2EB, TGx 1447-2E, TGx 536- 02D, TGx 306-036C, TGx 1485-1ED, and TGx 1440-1E. Soybean is a high-value nutritive crop and it plays a significant role in overcoming problems of food and nutritional insecurity, especially in developing countries. For instance studying the impact of soybean adoption in Nigeria using a Social Impact Assessment framework found that the adoption of soybean had a clear positive impact on household income generation and distribution, material welfare, human capital development, gender relations, resource use, social equity, and other social processes in the community. Production trends The world’s soybean area has expanded rapidly during the past decade. It increased by 50 million hectares from its initial level of 38 million hectares in the 1970s to 88 million hectares in the 2000s. As indicated in Figure 11-1 below, Africa has a very low share of global area cultivated. South America has the largest share of area cultivated (40%) followed by North America (35%) and Asia (21%). Europe accounts for 2% while Africa accounts for about 1%. The rest of the world accounts for about 1%. North America’s share is accounted for mostly by the United States of America which has 34% of global area cultivated. In terms of shares of global area cultivated, Brazil (22%), Argentina (15%), China (11%) and India (9%) are the largest after the USA. The total area cultivated in Africa is about 1.1 million hectares. In Africa, the countries with the largest area cultivated are Nigeria (578, 753 ha), South Africa (156,394 ha) and Uganda (142,700 ha). Thus, Nigeria accounts for about half of the area cultivated in Africa. Aside from these three countries, African countries generally have low acreage of less than 100,000. 218 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Figure 11-1: World soybean areas In the last four decades the global annual growth in area cultivated was about 3%. Although Africa’s growth was higher at 5% per annum, its share of global area cultivated has remained about 1% in the last four decades. It however has been increasing slowly from .7% in the 1970s to 1.3% in the 2000s. The region which recorded the highest growth in area cultivated was Oceania at 21% average annual growth rate while North America recorded the least growth of 2%. The highest growth rate in Africa was in Central Africa with 15%. Nigeria and West Africa as a whole recorded a growth rate of 5% while South Africa and Uganda recorded area growths of 12% and 13% respectively. In the 2000s average soybean yield was 2.3 MT per ha, which is an improvement on the 1.6 MT per hectare achieved in the 1970s. In the last 4 decades, yield has been increasing at 1.3% per annum. Figure 11-2 below indicates that there are clear variations across the world in terms of yield. In the 2000s, North Africa had the highest yield at 2.9 MT per ha while Central Africa had the lowest yield of 0.5 MT per ha. South America, North America and Asia, which collectively account for 96% of global area cultivated had yields of 2.5, 2.7 and 1.4 MT per ha, respectively. Nigeria and West Africa as a whole had a yield of 0.9 MT per ha. South Africa and Southern Africa as a whole had a yield of 1.7 MT per ha while Uganda and East Africa as a whole had yields of 1.1 MT per ha. The inter-country yield disparities are reflective of farming systems and technology differentials that exist among the regions. The larger and well mechanized farms of North and South America are often planted to very high yielding varieties and operated by resource rich farmers often supported by deliberate government policy whereas Indian, Chinese and African farms are mainly smallholder operated, planted to relatively low yielding varieties which are prone to pests and diseases. Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda which account for 77% of area cultivated in Africa experienced increased yields in the last 4 decades as other regions of the world did. Although South Africa, Uganda and Asia had about the same yield in the 1970s, South Africa improved on its yields more so that by the 2000s there was a clear difference in their yields. The most impressive increase was recorded by North Africa which started as the third highest in the 1970s but grew to clearly overtake other regions by the 1980s and maintained its position up to the 2000s. Progress of Phase 1 219
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243: Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
Page 244 and 245: In Nigeria, across locations mean p
Page 246 and 247: Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249: Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
Page 250 and 251: the major soybean producing localit
Page 252 and 253: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 254 and 255: Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
Page 256 and 257: utilization and marketing. In Niger
Page 258 and 259: Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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