Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Number of degree training students (MSc, PhD) completed or ongoing Our original milestone called for two PhD candidates to advance in their studies and two MSc candidates to complete their degrees. In addition to this, it was possible to give partial operational support to two other students, only one of whom finished his degree. At one time we saw the opportunity to stretch funding to include another PhD candidate in place of one of the MSc candidates, but that person withdrew his candidacy when an opportunity arose to study in New Zealand, and the funding was used for an MSc as originally planned. Degree training proved to be an excellent bridge between the TL I and TL II projects, as several theses were derived from topics directly from TL I , or closely akin to themes developed there. Degree training: scholarships Berhanu Amsalu of EIAR, Melkassa Research Center in Nazareth, Ethiopia is in his last year of PhD study at the University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, with expectations to finish in late 2011. Berhanu is studying aspects of nitrogen fixation in common bean under drought, looking at the activity of protease inhibitors as indicators of nodule health. It is known that as legumes come under stress, nodules degrade under the influence of proteases that break down proteins including nitrogenase. Lower protease activity (or conversely, more activity of protease inhibitors) could be an indicator of nodule health, especially under stress when fixation tends to decline. Berhanu initiated with a greenhouse study of soybean (thus, his thesis and his results could eventually be relevant for BNF of soybean under stress as well). Subsequently Berhanu continued greenhouse studies on common bean with the high nitrogen fixing line BAT 477, the poor fixer DOR 364, and their progenies. He also carried out a field trial with the same genotypes. Finally he executed a trial looking at the interaction of drought x P levels, under the hypothesis that the protease degradation of nodules is a generalized mechanism in response to stress, and that BAT 477 will show low activity of proteases under both moisture stress and low P stress. He currently is assaying protease activity to test this hypothesis. Godwill Makunde of Zimbabwe is completing one more cycle of field work in his home country, and then will return to Free State University, RSA, to analyze his data and to write his thesis. He should be finishing toward the end of 2011. His university expenses have been financed by TL-II, and his research has been supported mostly by TL-I. His research involves a physiological analysis of the TL I reference collection, which is a sub-set of 202 accessions from the CIAT core collection, re-selected based on detailed molecular analysis and employing a more focused attention on race Durango from Mexico, and on Andean types. These two groups were emphasized with the philosophy that race Durango might yield new sources of drought resistance, and the Andean types were those that were most in need of improvement, and that it would be useful to take advantage of whatever variability that exists among the Andeans. Godwill will have two seasons’ data from Zimbabwe, and three seasons’ data from Colombia under varying degrees of moisture stress. Godwill himself executed the physiological sampling and analysis of the reference collection in CIAT-Colombia under intense terminal stress. He also conducted root phenotyping studies at CIAT-Colombia on selected genotypes from the reference collection. With data from several sites and seasons, Godwill will perform an analysis of association mapping using SNP data generated at UC-Davis in the group of Doug Cook. This will be the first such attempt in common bean. Felix Waweru graduated from the University of Nairobi, Kenya with an MSc degree in a study shared with TL I. Felix carried out a field phenotyping of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a cross of BAT 881 x G21212. BAT 881 is sensitive to abiotic stress, and G21212 is relatively resistant. G21212 was first recognized as tolerant to low soil P, and subsequently it also proved to have a good response to drought and aluminum toxicity. It presents excellent remobilization of photosynthate to grain under stress, and this appears to be its mechanism of multiple stress resistance. A genetic map exists for this population, and the data of Felix could help elucidate the inheritance of this trait. Felix also analyzed a regional collection of landraces and lines, compiled under TL I. 144 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Lizzie Kalolokesya of Malawi completed an MSc degree at the University of Zambia. Lizzie was brought on board when Isaac Fandika withdrew to study in New Zealand. Lizzie carried out marker assisted selection (MAS) for disease resistance in collaboration with TL I . Lizzie had the opportunity to carry our part of her research in the installations of ARC-Potchefstroom in South Africa, broadening her perspectives and working in collaboration with an on-going practical breeding program. Degree training: operational support Teshale Assefa, formerly of EIAR, Melkassa, Ethiopia, completed his PhD degree at the University of Padua in Italy. Teshale worked on drought tolerance and canning quality of navy beans, analyzing recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of the cross SXB 405 x ICA Bunsi developed in CIAT. The former is a rustic, low fertility tolerant line developed for drought tolerance. The latter is a small white canning type developed many years ago in the national bean program of Colombia. Teshale selected 78 lines based on grain type and planted these under managed drought and irrigated conditions in Melkassa Station. A physiological analysis showed that the parameters of biomass accumulation and pod harvest index both contributed to final yield, again validating the role of remobilization of photosynthate to grain as an important drought resistance mechanism. Teshale also involved farmers and traders in the evaluation process, bringing farmers on station for this activity. Finally, an evaluation of canning quality was carried out on 8 elite lines, with the result that most lines were found to be acceptable, and one of the most drought resistant lines was also rated excellent in canning quality. Lines will be distributed throughout the region for evaluation by other partner countries. Teshale also received training in CIAT- Colombia in evaluation of bruchid resistance. Susan Gachanja received support toward her MSc degree research at the University of Nairobi. Susan worked on the physiological analysis of the fast track nursery. Unfortunately Susan left her studies before finishing her degree. Number of NARS scientists trained Table 6-25: National program scientists trained under the TL II project. Country Last name First name Gender Position Institute Ethiopia Kenya Malawi Tanzania Amsalu Berhanu Male Agronomist EIAR Gebeyehu Setegn Male Research Physiologist EIAR Gachanja Susan Student University of Nairobi Musyoki Robert Male Researcher biotechnologist Kenya Seed Company Okwuosa Elizabeth Female Researcher Breeder KARI Wachira Geofrey Male Research Assistant University of Nairobi Macharia David Male Researcher Breeder KARI Fandika Isaac Male Research Agronomist/Physiologist DAR Kalolokesya Lizzie Female Research Assistant CIAT - Chitedze Research Station Chisale Virginia Female Breeder DAR Msaky John Male Agronomist SARI Slumpa Simon Male Research entomologist SARI Kweka S.O. Male Breeder SARI Zimbabwe Makunde Godwill Male Researcher/Breeder Crop Breeding Institute Progress of Phase 1 145
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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