Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

More documents

Recommendations

Info

TL II focuses on farmer-participatory varietal selection, developing new drought-tolerant varieties and establishing sustainable seed production and distribution systems primarily in South Asia, thus paving the way for the research results of TL I to be translated as breeding materials for the ultimate benefit of resource-poor farmers. The TL II project is implemented in two states in India - Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra for pigeonpea. Cultivation of obsolete varieties and non-availability of quality seed of improved varieties are identified as major constraints leading to low productivity in pigeonpea. Low seed multiplication ratio, high volume of the seeds, storage insect pests and quick loss of seed variability are the major constraints to efficient seed production and delivery system. The seed scenario in legumes is dominated by the informal seed sector. The major activities under this project include increased production of Breeder and Foundation Seed to enhance availability of quality seed of improved varieties in the seed chain, promote alternative seed systems to meet the seed demand, enhanced seed delivery and local seed production and storage capabilities and capacity building. This report highlights progress made during the last three years of project implementation. Project sites Maharashtra Pigeonpea is grown on 1.12 million ha. The average productivity is very low (726 kg per ha). Since pigeonpea is grown mainly as an intercrop with soybean, cotton, mung bean, urd bean and others, it is necessary to identify pigeonpea varieties suitable for various ecosystems, tolerant to different stresses to sustain rain-fed cultivation. Andhra Pradesh The average pigeonpea productivity in the state has declined to 300-450 kg per ha despite high genetic yield potential of the varieties recommended for cultivation. Among the major constraints to pigeonpea production is Helicoverpa armigera (pod borer). Others include wilt (Fusarium udum) and sterility mosaic and lack of drought-resistant, high-yielding genotypes, and appropriate agronomic management. AP farmers obtain their seed commercially, and use farm-saved seeds for next four to five crop seasons before buying fresh seed. Seed production and delivery systems In India, seed system for legumes is uncertain and quite complicated. First, the economics of legumes seed production is not attractive enough for organized private seed sector due to large seed size resulting in high volume and consequently high costs in transportation and storage. On the other hand, the public seed sector which is responsible for seed production of legumes largely failed to meet their obligation because of the lack of accountability, poor quality control, need for profit, among others. Although many state governments arranged to supply seed to farmers at a subsidized cost (often this subsidized seed is not delivered to farmers in time), this has not been successful because the quantity is limited and the quality and varietal integrity are also questionable. Therefore, farmers are left at the mercy of local traders and co-farmers for their seed requirement. Stringent requirements of seed certification agencies (minimum area required in each village for certification, minimum seed standards, requirement of accredited seed processing units and go downs) and accompanying bureaucratic hassles discourage farmers’ participation in the formal seed system. In spite of the obstacles experienced during the project life, significant contributions have been realized such as the development of efficient linkages for seed production and marketing of legumes in the project sites. 198 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
The approach With TL II project, the identified constraint has necessitated the strengthening of collaboration between the public and private sector. The seed systems objective (Objective 8) was instrumental in catalyzing up-scaling Foundation and Certified Seed, seed delivery testing models, and raising the level of farmers’ awareness. The project has initiated linkages between public and private partnership to facilitate efficient seed production and efficient marketing of legumes for efficient seed diffusion. For example, the involvement of Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Cooperation (APSSDC) and Andhra Pradesh State Seed Certifying Agency (APSSCA) in roguing, inspection and selection, and certification of farmer’s seed production fields has ensured the purity and quality of chickpea, groundnut and pigeonpea seeds. In Maharashtra, the involvement of the Maharashtra State Seed Corporation, Ltd (MSSCL) and Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) has linked farmer groups of selected villages involved in seed production for efficient marketing and diffusion of certified seed in the project sites. The MSSCL function is to monitor seed production plots, which will lead to the assurance of the procurement of seed produced by the farmers. This has necessitated the selling of farmer’s seed as Truthful Labeled seed to farmers. Groups of farmers in the project sites were formed as a result of the TL II project. This enabled the marketing of own seed to co-farmers. In the project sites, government also provided seed subsidies under various schemes and packages. Diverse marketing schemes were also observed in the project area. Even though private traders and Department of Agriculture are the two key players in seed delivery of legumes in India, majority of the farmers still saved their own seed and the excess seed kernels were sold in the village during market days and co-farmers purchased them with a very minimal transaction cost involved. For traders, seed is outsourced from the local area with good quality, much cheaper, and is well perceived by local farmers since the varieties are adapted to the locality and are high yielding and sold within the area without incurring transport charges as compared to the seed procured outside the districts or state (more often, the seed is not authenticated, much expensive, no guarantee of the performance since this is new in the area, and in many instances the yield is low). The traders fixed Rs.3 to 4 ($0.08) as profit margin for a kg of seed. In other districts, where seed is accessible and moves freely, some farmers no longer keep their own seed, hence, they are dependent on the traders. Infrastructure and equipment Seed production facilities were upgraded at partner NARS research stations in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Installation of submersible pump, laying of PVC pipelines (2800 ft) and fencing of field were upgraded in PDKV, Akola research station to strengthen and improve irrigation facilities and protect the crop from animals for better seed production. In Andhra Pradesh, facilities for seed production were upgraded at the ANGRAU Research Station in Tandur (Table 9-7). Table 9-7: List of equipment purchased by AP No. Item Qty. Purpose Cost (Rs.) 1 HDPE Nylon net 205 kg For isolation in Nucleus seed plots 67,035.00 2 Meteorological equipment 1 For recording daily weather parameters. 41,490.00 3 Winnower 1 For winnowing of harvested produce. 49,044.00 4 Water tanker 1 For providing lifesaving irrigation to 227,552.00 Germplasm and breeding material. 5 Cooling incubator cum shaker 1 For maintenance of Fusarium udum cultures. 350,000.00 6 Horizontal and vertical 1 For molecular variability work of the wilt 125,000.00 electrophoresis systems. pathogen. Total 860,121.00 Seed storage facility (go down) with capacity of 300 MT is constructed at ARS, Tandur, Andhra Pradesh. However, in Maharashtra, farmers were not keen on having a seed storage facility due to non-availability of land to construct the facility. Progress of Phase 1 199
Page 1 and 2:
Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3:
TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7:
Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9:
Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
Page 10 and 11:
NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13:
TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15:
country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17:
Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19:
Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21:
As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23:
Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25:
Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27:
Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29:
Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31:
Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33:
Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37:
Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39:
Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41:
In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43:
Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45:
Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47:
Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49:
In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51:
Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53:
Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55:
hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57:
Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59:
Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61:
Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63:
Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65:
54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67:
The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69:
Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75:
The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77:
A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79:
Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83:
99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85:
Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87:
A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89:
Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91:
Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93:
as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95:
100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97:
70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99:
In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101:
irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103:
Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105:
Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107:
Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109:
Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113:
ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117:
The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119:
declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121:
In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
Page 122 and 123:
112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
Page 124 and 125:
Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127:
The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129:
about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131:
Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133:
single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135:
In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137:
Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139:
Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145:
Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147:
While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149:
Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151:
60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153:
Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155:
Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157:
Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
Page 164 and 165: 154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243: Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
Page 244 and 245: In Nigeria, across locations mean p
Page 246 and 247: Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249: Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
Page 250 and 251: the major soybean producing localit
Page 252 and 253: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 254 and 255: Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
Page 256 and 257: utilization and marketing. In Niger
Page 258 and 259:
Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
Page 260:
250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
show all

Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?