Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03 06 09 Million tonnes 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Beans Chick peas Cow peas Groundnuts Soybeans Source: Authors using FAO data Figure 5- 4: Global trends in production of major legumes, 1970-2009 It is indeed said that as result of research focused on supply-side factors, the share of cowpea production among various grain legumes in Nigeria has increased since 1988, making Nigeria the largest cowpea producing country in the world8. These factors have contributed to the wide disparity in productivity levels with Niger having an average yield of 0.2 tonnes per hectare and Nigeria having 0.7 in the 2000s. In addition to yield differences, the fact that Nigeria has a large population and cowpea as a food item is popular implies that there are many internal incentives within the country for stimulating production. These factors have led Nigeria to be the largest producer as well as consumer of cowpea globally. Gaps identified Farmers who work directly with research institutes and extension agents have access to information and improved varieties seeds through participation in on-farm trials and farm visits. However, information sharing between trained farmers and other farmers is still limited by educational, socio-economic, policy and institutional barriers (e.g. number and type of training received, extent of contact with extension agents and/or scientists). Public support for research and extension Although the usefulness of cowpea research and development projects is clearly reflected in an increased average yield from 300 kg to 1500 kg in Africa, public support for cowpea value chain development is limited. Subsidies, for example, are limited or non-existent. Also effective access to marketing devices and reliable input and product markets has to be promoted. Marketing constraints to production There has been very few market opportunities for cowpea in Mali compared to the situation in Niger and Nigeria. Constraints perceived by the end users in this segment of the value chain need to be well defined and included in research and development programs. Assessing constraints and opportunities in West Africa Cowpea production, processing and marketing in West Africa take place in an ever-changing environment and so does agricultural research. However opportunities are arising from economic growth and regional trade. Income drives the demand for high-quality cowpea and soybean grains and processed products. Biotic and abiotic constraint like pests, diseases, drought and market access mainly for cowpea are threats 86 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
to food security, poverty reduction and enhanced livelihoods. Research priorities need to be updated to take into account these constraints and opportunities. This will require ex ante impact assessment aimed at identifying potential gains from technologies and novel institutional arrangements and priority setting. Important variety traits from users’ perspective Preferred traits for main cowpea value chain actors in West Africa • Farmers; High yielding, early maturing (17.1%) and drought tolerant (24.4%) • Commission agents / Traders; Preferences vary according to grain size, skin and eye color. The main grain colors are white, red/ brown and eye color are black and brown/grey; • Processors; Varieties of cowpeas differ in taste, grain size, skin and eye color. • Consumers. Consumers prefer large grains and would discount prices of grains that are damaged by insect pests. Their preferences for grain and eye color vary according to sites and countries. Cowpea is frequently consumed in West Africa as boiled grain; fried (“Akara”) and steamed “moin-moin” prepared from cowpea flour. The acceptance of new varieties is linked to factors like cooking time; and cooking water uptake; taste, texture, and appearance of dishes prepared. Consumers are also sensitive to bruchid damage and may discount prices to reflect bruchid attacks. Preferred cowpea traits in Eastern and Southern Africa One of the reasons for low adoption of improved varieties is argued to be the fact that most improved varieties lack end-users’ preferences. This has been gradually corrected by crop improvement programs which involve farmers, consumers and processors/traders through PVS and trait-based surveys in the process of developing improved varieties to meet preferences. Sixty percent of cowpea producers showed high preference for early maturity. Price and taste are distant second and third important traits overall, female-headed households regard cowpea taste as being more important. This confirms the importance of cowpea as a food crop especially among women. Table 5- 1: Preferred cowpea traits in Mozambique Criterion Men Women All Grain yield 55 69 57 Price 17 5 15 Taste 12 15 12 Columns do not add up to 100 because of other preferred traits; values are percentages Source: TL II Surveys, 2008 Supply of important traits by the improved varieties In Nigeria, a number of improved varieties of cowpea with important attributes such as early and medium maturity, pest and disease tolerance, and improved vegetable and fodder quality have been developed and released with the support of IITA. Crop management practices for ensuring higher yields are also available. Research for developing varieties which mature early and are resistant to a number of prominent pests and diseases have been developed with assistance from IITA and released in some 65 countries. There are several promising varieties targeted at reducing the effects of abiotic and biotic constraints like pests, diseases and drought on cowpea yields. Progress of Phase 1 87
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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