Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maximum temperature Minimum temperature 2008 60 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 Rainfall and pan evaporation (mm day -1 ) 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 2009 2010 10 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60 50 Temperature (°C) 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Days after planting Figure 6-8: Rainfall distribution, pan evaporation, maximum and minimum temperatures during crop growing period at Palmira in 2008, 2009 and 2010. During the crop-growing season, maximum and minimum air temperatures were 33°C and 16.6°C in 2008, 35.5°C and 16.1°C in 2009 and 33.0°C and 17.5°C in 2010, respectively. The incident solar radiation ranged from 9.1 to 23.6 MJ m-2 d-1 in 2008, 11.7 to 25.7 MJ m-2 d-1 in 2009 and 6.8 to 22.4 MJ m-2 d-1 in 2010. The total rainfall during the active crop growth was 161 mm in 2008, 59 mm in 2009 and 224 mm in 2010. The potential pan evaporation was of 393 mm in 2008, 462 mm in 2009 and 340 mm in 2010. 140 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 6-21: Correlation coefficients (r) between final grain yield (kg per ha) and other plant attributes of 36 genotypes of common bean grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in a Mollisol in Palmira, Colombia. Out of the 36 genotypes, 21 were common across three seasons. Plant trait 2008 2009 2010 Average Irrigated Rainfed Irrigated Rainfed Irrigated Rainfed Irrigated Rainfed Leaf area index (m 2 m -2 ) 0.72*** 0.35*** -0.25** 0.44*** 0.04 0.09 0.56*** 0.25*** Leaf chlorophyll content 0.10 0.24* 0.15 0.29** 0.17* -0.006 -0.07 0.17* (SPAD) Leaf stomatal conductance 0.15 0.24** -0.01 0.04 0.10 0.21* -0.01 0.22** (mmol m -2 s -1 ) Canopy temperature 0.11 0.35*** 0.12 0.25** 0.01 0.17 -0.25** -0.10 depression ( o C) Canopy biomass (kg per ha) 0.51*** 0.19* -0.02 0.59*** 0.001 0.28 0.48*** 0.10 Days to flowering -0.18* -0.36*** -0.38*** -0.59*** -0.05 -0.28** -0.05 -0.10 Days to maturity -0.01 -0.38*** -0.46*** -0.60*** -0.03 -0.21** 0.13 0.34*** Pod harvest index (%) 0.59*** 0.58*** 0.64*** 0.61*** 0.34*** 0.48*** 0.41*** 0.44*** Pod partitioning index (%) 0.28** 0.42*** 0.21* 0.56*** 0.32*** 0.006 0.20** 0.45*** Harvest index (%) 0.35*** 0.47*** 0.28** 0.61*** 0.34*** 0.05 0.24** 0.49*** 100 seed weight (g) 0.53*** 0.63*** 0.62*** 0.52*** 0.23* 0.19* -0.19** 0.63*** Pod number per m 2 0.25** 0.07 -0.35*** 0.63*** 0.04 0.01 0.36*** 0.33*** Seed number per m 2 0.26** -0.19 -0.49*** 0.57*** 0.12 0.1 0.33*** 0.27*** Stem biomass reduction (%) -0.33*** -0.15 0.17 -0.03 0.12 0.25** -0.26*** 0.19** Interspecific crosses with tepary bean Phaseolus acutifolius or tepary bean is a desert species with multiple drought resistance traits. It can be crossed with common bean only with great difficulty and using embryo rescue, but over several years of effort, we have accumulated a sizable number of interspecific progenies. The most drought resistant were identified and intercrossed, and selections from a second cycle were evaluated under terminal drought in 2009. A very unusual line, INB 841, was identified with high level of resistance to wilting, and unusually rapid pod development. Root evaluations suggest that the root system of this line is NOT superior, thus we suspect that it may possess possible mechanisms of stomatal regulation and/or osmotic adjustment to resist wilting. Its trait of rapid pod elongation may also be associated with hormonal regulation of pod growth and development. We are evaluating progenies of this line, which currently are in the F3 generation, to test empirically whether these traits could contribute to improving drought resistance in common bean. Interspecific crosses with runner bean As part of another BMZ project, combinations of drought resistance and aluminum (Al) tolerance were sought. Accessions of runner bean, or Phaseolus coccineus, proved to be highly resistant to Al, and were crossed to drought resistant line SER 16. This cross was designed to combine the vigor and biomass of runner bean with the remobilization capacity of SER 16. The resulting population was subjected to intensive study of root attributes, revealing large differences in rooting patterns and morphology that are relevant for improvement of common bean for drought resistance. Runner bean has a coarse, rugged root system with thick basal roots that can penetrate acid soil under drying conditions much better than common bean. Some lines from the runner bean source display less wilting. Some progenies of runner bean tend to produce large biomass and excellent yield potential, likely reflecting in part their vigorous root system, and we are using these lines as parents in combination with sources of enhanced photosynthate remobilization, for improved yields. This is still another source of traits that are being investigated as potentially relevant for drought resistance. Data presented in Table 6-22 represent yields under drought induced by limited water supply during the vegetative phase, followed by soil drying through much of the reproductive phase. All ALB lines are derived from the cross of runner bean with SER 16, and the advantage of some ALB lines over the SER 16 parent is due to introgression of genes and traits from runner bean. Progress of Phase 1 141
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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