Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS trials over 3 years Country Ethiopia Name of varieties Desi Kabuli Check Natoli, Ejerie, Teji, Shasho, Chefe, Mastewal, Arerti, Farmer variety ICCV 03107 Habru, Gabo, Acos Dubie (Monino), DZ-10-04 Tanzania ICCV 97105, ICCV 00108 ICCVs 00305, 97306, 96329, 92318 Dengumawe (local desi) Kenya ICCV 97105, ICCV 00108 ICCVs 00305, 97306, 96329, 95423 Ngara Local (desi) Table 8-7: Farmer-preferred varieties in the three countries Country Desi Kabuli Ethiopia Natoli Habru, Ejere, Arerti, ACOS-Dube Tanzania ICCV 00108, ICCV 97105 ICCV 92318, ICCV 00305 Kenya ICCV 97105, ICCV 00108 ICCV 95423, ICCV 00305 Seed Production and Delivery Systems In ESA, baseline studies indicated that very limited awareness existed on improved chickpea varieties, due to consistent failure of public sector to supply good quality source seed and the lack of interest by the private sector to engage in legume seed production; in addition, most often, seed is produced in high potential areas or areas with infrastructure for storage and processing far away from its area of utilization, leading to high transaction costs. Requirements for high seeding rates further limit the spread of new varieties. To overcome these constraints, investments have been made in Breeder and Foundation seed production, and proceeds from seed sales were employed to re-capitalize seed revolving funds to support subsequent seed production cycles. Foundation seed has been marketed to private companies and NGOs for further seed production and dissemination. Most of the farmers rely on own-saved seed and access to seed of improved varieties either through informal networks or relief seed. The survey also revealed that existence of two seed supply systems, i.e. informal, which are usually non-market based seed supply systems and the quasi-formal, mainly market-based seed supply systems. The informal seed supply sources included own saved seed; gifts from family and friends; farmer-to-farmer seed exchanges and others. The importance of quasi-formal seems to increase with the availability of new farmer-preferred varieties, which helps in emergence of seed markets for improved varieties. During the past four years (2007-10) a total of 31.7 MT Breeder Seed and 3,602 MT Foundation and Certified seed of farmer-preferred improved chickpea varieties was produced at research stations and farmers’ fields (Tables 8-8 & 8-9). Table 8-8: Various classes of quality seed produced in ESA (MT) Country No. of varieties Breeder Foundation Certified Total Ethiopia 9 22.4 211.6 3,353.2 3,616.3 Tanzania 5 1.67 37.7 - 39.37 Kenya 6 1.2 - - 1.2 ICRISAT-Nairobi 9 6.43 - - 6.43 Total 29 31.7 249.3 3,353.2 3,663.3 184 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 8-9: Seed production by variety in Ethiopia (MT) Variety Tolerance to/special trait(s) Breeder Foundation Certified Total Arerti Ascochyta, Fusarium wilt 8.7 105.8 2313.5 2447 Shasho Fusarium wilt 2.4 47.4 534.9 594.5 Marye Moisture stress 1.1 9.0 419.5 429.6 Habru Ascochyta, drought 3.4 18.8 52.8 75.1 Ejere Ascochyta, drought 2.3 16.0 32.5 50.8 Teji High yield in potential areas 1.1 3.7 0.0 4.8 Natoli High yield in potential areas 1.6 6.9 0.0 8.5 Minjar Ascochyta, Fusarium wilt, high yield 0.8 2.0 0.0 3.0 ACOS Bold seed size 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 Dubie Total 22.4 211.6 3,353.2 3,616.3 Table 8-10: Seed production by variety in Tanzania (MT) Variety Tolerance to/special trait(s) Breeder Foundation Total ICCV 92318 Early maturing, wilt resistant 0.30 24.20 24.50 ICCV 00108 Wilt resistant 0.57 1.00 1.57 ICCV 00305 wilt resistant 0.35 1.00 1.35 ICCV 95423 Early maturing 0.00 10.50 10.50 ICCV 97105 Wilt resistant 0.45 1.00 1.45 Total 1.67 37.70 39.37 Seed Production and Delivery Systems Various seed production and delivery strategies have been tried for various seed classes. The most effective ones are summarized in Table 8-10. Table 8-11: Effective seed systems identified for chickpea production in Ethiopia and Tanzania Seed class Ethiopia Tanzania Breeder Seed Research centers Research centers Foundation Seed Farmers’ coops, private sector, NGOs Farmer-Field-Schools, private sector, NGOs Certified Seed Specialized smallholder farmers Farm organizations Quality Declared Seed Farmers, farm organizations Farmers, farm organizations Two NGOs in Tanzania and three in Ethiopia were involved in seed production and distribution. In Ethiopia, Farmers’ Cooperative Unions were involved in seed production and distributed 25 MT of Foundation Seed to members. In addition, a grain exporting company known as ACOS (Agricultural Commodities and Supplies) was involved in the multiplication, marketing, and export of chickpea, using smallholder farmers as out-growers. Draft seed business plans have been completed. Three seed delivery seed systems targeting smallholders, such as seed revolving fund facility, community seed banks, and farmer field schools were tested. Three seed marketing groups - Mpeta, Mnanje B and Likokona - have been established in Tanzania. Community-based seed production and marketing systems such as Quality Declared Seed (QDS), which is tested in Tanzania for dissemination of truthfully labeled seed of high quality could be one strategy for easing the seed shortage problem, especially for self-pollinated legumes like chickpea. The Progress of Phase 1 185
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243: Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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