Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut genotypes for their resistance to aflatoxin contamination, Samanko, Mali, 2008 Genotype Pod yield (MT per ha) Aflatoxin content (ppb) ICGV 94379 2686 1.36 ICGV 94434 2489 37.18 ICGV 91278 1801 5.11 ICGV 91328 2113 8.17 ICGV 91341 2167 82.37 ICGV 93305 2794 0.89 ICGV 91317 2081 2.47 ICGV 91279 2149 0.97 ICGV 91284 1769 1.69 ICGV 92302 1674 2.01 ICGV 91315 1987 1.80 ICGV 91324 2087 1.44 ICGV 93328 1132 8.76 ICGV 91283 523 1.80 ICGV 89104 2039 2.12 55-437 (Resistant check) 1690 1.23 JL 24 (susceptible check) 1917 899.12 SEM (±) 156 4.67 CV (%) 14 23 RCBD design with 3 replications; plot size = 12 m 2 New breeding populations Generation advance Sixty-nine F 3 and 28 F 5 bulk populations were grown at ICRISAT-Mali for generation advance. Over 600 individual plant selections were made based on pod load and other desirable agronomic characteristics. The seed of each single plant was increased in the 2009 off-season under irrigation. These were evaluated for agronomic traits in the main crop season. Generation of new breeding populations Fifty three crosses (30 for foliar diseases resistance, 12 for productivity, 10 for aflatoxin contamination tolerance, and 1 for limited fresh seed dormancy) were made between September and December 2008 to generate populations with the desired attributes. Parental lines used included the most popular varieties in West Africa and high yielding foliar diseases resistant lines ICG # 7878, 7, 6222, 4440, and ICG (FDRS) 4. In the productivity crosses, the new parental lines were ICGV 00350 and ICGV 9114. For aflatoxin, the sources of resistance/tolerance are 55-437 and J11. In the 2009 crop season, the 53 F1 of the crosses made in the previous season were sown at ICRISAT- Mali to produce the F2. Fifteen new crosses involving farmers- and market-preferred traits as parents were completed to generate new populations with enhanced productivity. In 2010, 59 F 2:3 populations involving the most popular varieties in West Africa and sources of resistance to foliar diseases, aflatoxin contamination and rosette were advanced to the next generation. Population size varied from 200 to 800 plants per population. Single plants and bulks were selected. Five of these populations involving a stable source of ELS resistance (ICG 7878) crossed with the most popular varieties (55-437, 47-10, ICGV 86124 and Fleur 11) were advanced through single seed descent (SSD) during the post-rainy season (November-April) to produce F 4:5 RILS for phenotyping in 2011 crop season (June-October). The stage is now set for developing populations to validate the QTLs for Marker assisted breeding and this shows a clear linkage between TL I and TL II projects. 74 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
A total of 40 new three-way crosses involving farmer-preferred varieties and sources of resistance to early leaf spot (ICG 7878) and rosette (ICIAR 19 BT) were made and the F1 grown. Breeding and associated phenotype activities Strengthening breeding and phenotyping infrastructure Hybridization and phenotyping facilities for drought, foliar diseases and groundnut rosette diseases were assessed for adequacy/improvements as well as staff to manage these facilities in Mali, Niger and Nigeria. Overall, these facilities were either lacking or in disuse. In Mali the phenotyping facilities needed are for drought and foliar disease screening, in Niger mainly drought and in Nigeria, phenotyping facility for groundnut rosette disease and raising the aphid vector needed rehabilitation. Mali: A half-hectare plot at Same research station of IER was fenced to protect the nurseries from animal damage. Niger: The focus was on the rehabilitation of the irrigation system at Maradi, to enable phenotyping for drought stress, generation advance and assurance of production of breeder seed. This involved purchase of 2 immersble water pumps and regeneration of wells to ensure constant water availability and an 18 KVA generator to ensure electric power supply. The pathology screen house was also rehabilitated to ensure phenotyping for diseases and maintaining inoculums for target diseases and insect pests. Other infrastructure improvements included: renovation of the seed store, purchase of laboratory equipment such as electronic balances, refrigerator, plastic sheeting, groundnut sheller, a motorcycle, a digital camera and office furniture. Nigeria: The renovation of a screen house for phenotyping purposes was completed. The genotyping facility was enhanced by the purchase of an Alpha merger mini analysis system, digital thermal printer, alpha InfoTech computer and Thermal paper high gloss. At the beginning of the project no hybridization activity was conducted at any of the participating NARS. After the training of technicians in managing crossing blocks, and the rehabilitated facilities, hybridization has been initiated at INRAN and IAR Upgrade skills and capacity of NARS Degree related training Ms. Nana Mariama Idi Garba of INRAN, Niger, completed her MSc program in breeding at the University of Niamey in 2010. Mr. Mamary Traore, IER-Mali, initially registered at the University of Bamako, had registered at the University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, as a result of indefinite strike by professors at the University of Bamako. This resulted in delayed completion as planned. He is currently finalizing his field work and is expected to graduate by the end of 2011. In addition to graduate students, three undergraduate students conducted their final year bachelor’s degree thesis in groundnut breeding. These included Mr. Prosper Gassinta and Mr. Harara of the Polytechnic of Katibougou, Mali) and Mr. Youssouf Camara from the University of Niamey, Niger. Non-degree training At the start of the project, ICRISAT-Mali conducted 2-day in-country training workshops in Mali, Niger and Nigeria in methods, and data capture. A total of 15 (5 in Mali, 2 Niger and 8 in Nigeria) benefitted from the training. A methods manual was prepared. A training module on crop management and seed production was also produced. This was shared with the project staff in partner countries. Progress of Phase 1 75
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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