Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the seed revolving fund The bold black arrows indicate the flow of seed and the red arrows indicate the flow of cash in the system Certified Seed Using the power of collective action, farmer organizations like NASFAM in Malawi and Farmer Cooperatives in Tanzania support their memberships to produce Certified Seed which they buy. For NASFAM, making sure that Certified Seed reaches their membership is important to make sure they are able to meet the quality standards of their groundnut export market. It is a well known fact that if one goes to the market, one gets better quality by asking for a particular variety than just asking for groundnut. A groundnut market dominated by specific varieties is therefore a more active market. This naturally demands a more vibrant seed system. Alternative seed production arrangements Beyond Breeder and Foundation Seed to solve the bigger problem of seed availability to smallholder farmers, the project embarked on certain arrangements to ensure availability of seed. In Tanzania this involved more than 100 farmer groups actively involved in seed production and in Malawi the system included farmer clubs, farmer field schools and farmer marketing groups linked to NASFAM. In Tanzania this resulted in the production of a total of 376 MT of good quality seed since the inception of the project whereas in Malawi these efforts resulted in the production of more than 2,808MT of good quality seed (Table 3-8). In Malawi it involved more than 450 farmers linked to the NGO CARE, 233 farmers linked to NASFAM, and 73 farmers linked to the Millenium Villages project, all distributed across different districts where TL II is intervening through groundnut. For sustainability, it is also important that the private seed sector becomes involved. In Malawi, for example, stimulated by the government input subsidy program, SEEDCo, which is one of the largest seed companies in the region, is actively involved in groundnut seed production and marketing. In Tanzania, ASA started active involvement in groundnut seed production two years ago when enough volumes of Breeder Seed started becoming available. ASA injects approximately 100 MT groundnut seed into the seed market annually. This is a relatively small amount given the seed rate of the crop but it is a good beginning that the private sector is sowing interest. 46 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 3-8: Seed production achievements Season Variety Quantity (MT) Total Malawi 2008 CG 7 211 256 2008 Chalimbana 45 2009 CG 7 420 550 2009 Chalimbana 110 2009 ICGV-SM 90704 20 2010 CG 7 1640 2002 2010 Chalimbana 200 2010 ICGV-SM 90704 162 Malawi total 2808 2,808 Tanzania 2008 Pendo 35 35 2009 Pendo 150 150 2010 Pendo 191 191 Tanzania total 376 376 Grand total 3,184 Diffusion, marketing and institutional arrangements for seed Farmer marketing groups have been established in Tanzania - Mpeta, Mnanje B and Likokona - while seed production groups have been established in three districts of Malawi - Mchinji (19), Nkhotakota (28), and Zomba (3). In addition to the supply of the required variety and class of seed to growers and traders, they are also supported by capacity building and farmer-friendly literature in local vernaculars on Integrated Crop Management and seed production, processing, storage and marketing skills (especially traders and seed entrepreneurs). Seed marketing is handled by NASFAM in Malawi, and ASA in Tanzania. These agencies offer smallholder farmers seed production contracts to produce Certified Seed under joint ICRISAT-NARS supervision, which is then bought back by these agencies. The national seed services of each participating country do independent inspections to assure quality. Malawi In Malawi, ICRISAT, in collaboration with NASFAM and MVP, has established 48 seed production groups in Mchinji and Nkhotakota and two additional groups, one in each of the districts of Dedza and Zomba. The groups in Mchinji are already mature regularly producing seed on contract for ICRISAT and other interested NGOs and/or private sector. Others are still at seed production level and dependent on projectbased support market to sell their produce as seed; otherwise they sell most of what they produce as grain. In addition, 150 farmers in Kasungu from Traditional Authorities of Kaomba, Mwase and Njobwa, in collaboration with ICRISAT and CARE, have been issued groundnut Breeder Seed of ICGV-SM 90704 and ICGV-SM 99568 to produce Foundation Seed under formal contract. What is interesting about these smallholder contractual growers is the fact that 135 of them have smallholding each producing 0.5 ha seed but they have organized themselves into a farmer cooperative in order to take care of the costs involved in delivery of a contract. Progress of Phase 1 47
Page 1 and 2:
Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3:
TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9: Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
Page 10 and 11: NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13: TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15: country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17: Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19: Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27: Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243:
Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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