Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat
Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat
Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat
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Table 4-3: Constraints to adoption <strong>of</strong> modern varieties in Mali, Niger <strong>and</strong> Nigeria (2007/08)<br />
Constraint Mali Niger Nigeria<br />
MV (6) LV (91) MV (5) LV (166) MV (18) LV (131)<br />
Non-availability <strong>of</strong> seed 83.33 27.47 60.00 57.83 55.56 30.53<br />
Lack <strong>of</strong> money 0.00 6.59 20.00 4.82 5.56 6.11<br />
Low yield 0.00 10.99 0.00 9.04 11.11 25.95<br />
Low market value 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.11<br />
Not good in association 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 5.56 2.29<br />
Loss <strong>of</strong> variety due to drought 16.67 40.66 0.00 2.41 0.00 9.92<br />
No information on management 0.00 2.20 0.00 0.00 5.56 3.82<br />
Lack <strong>of</strong> labor 0.00 9.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00<br />
Late maturity 0.00 13.19 0.00 4.22 0.00 9.92<br />
Susceptible to disease 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.92<br />
Consumed 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.11 4.58<br />
Low haulm yield 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 6.87<br />
Undesirable color 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 4.58<br />
Susceptible to insects 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.82<br />
Seeds too small 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.82<br />
Low content <strong>of</strong> oil 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58<br />
Other constraints 0.00 1.10 20.00 24.70 5.56 18.32<br />
MV= Modern varieties, LV= Local varieties; values are percentages <strong>of</strong> response.<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> other inputs (credit, inorganic <strong>and</strong> organic fertilizers) remains limited in surveyed areas.<br />
Groundnut production requires a larger amount <strong>of</strong> inputs such as seed, fertilizers <strong>and</strong> labor compared<br />
to cereal crops. Credit is required to access these required inputs. Survey results showed 46% <strong>of</strong><br />
households have access to formal <strong>and</strong> informal sources <strong>of</strong> credit against 43% in Niger <strong>and</strong> 9% in Nigeria.<br />
The average contracted amount is about US$76 in Mali <strong>and</strong> $77 in Niger less than the amount needed<br />
to purchase one bag <strong>of</strong> fertilizers or seed to be planted on a hectare <strong>of</strong> groundnut. In Nigeria, however,<br />
this is estimated at US$500 (Table 4-4). The average interest rates on contracted loans are estimated<br />
at 24% in Mali, 11% in Niger <strong>and</strong> 15% in Nigeria. Most households contract loans for consumption<br />
purposes. However, in Mali, about 21% <strong>of</strong> the contracted amount is used for input purchase, about<br />
30% in Niger <strong>and</strong> about 25% in Nigeria.<br />
The use <strong>of</strong> inorganic fertilizers on groundnut fields is limited in Mali <strong>and</strong> Niger. In fact, fertilizers are<br />
applied to about 2.26% <strong>of</strong> groundnut plots grown by households in Mali <strong>and</strong> 16% in Niger. In Nigeria,<br />
inorganic fertilizers are used in about 61% <strong>of</strong> the groundnut plots. Likewise, the use <strong>of</strong> organic fertilizers<br />
is also limited. In Mali, about 14% <strong>of</strong> groundnut plots received organic fertilizers, 18% in Niger <strong>and</strong><br />
41% in Nigeria. The use <strong>of</strong> hired labor is relatively high.<br />
In Niger, farmers use hired labor in 26% <strong>of</strong> the groundnut plots, 43% in Niger <strong>and</strong> 67% in Nigeria.<br />
Pesticides are widely used in the 3 countries but limited to seed treatment before planting. However,<br />
the intensities <strong>of</strong> inputs used are very small. On average, farmers use less than US$20 /ha <strong>of</strong> inputs in<br />
Mali, US$21 in Mali <strong>and</strong> US$123 in Nigeria.<br />
Progress <strong>of</strong> Phase 1<br />
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