Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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• In addition to yield, maturity duration and resistance to diseases, seed traits preferred by market (seed size, color and shape) were also given high wattage by the farmers in selection of improved chickpea varieties. Thus, market-preferred traits are also important for adoption and up-scaling for chickpea improved varieties; • The farmers’ preference for growing kabuli chickpea varieties largely depended on the price premium received over desi type; • Lack of proper cleaning, grading and storage facilities hampers seed production by individual farmers; and • The farmers were very keen to take seed production of improved varieties provided arrangement was made for procurement of seed through national/state seed corporations or other agencies. 176 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Enhancing Chickpea Productivity and Production in Eastern and Southern Africa NVPRG Rao, Said N Silim, Franklin Simtowe (ICRISAT-Nairobi); Pooran M Gaur, CLL Gowda (ICRISAT- Patancheru); Emmanuel S Monyo (ICRISAT-Malawi); Asnake Fikre, Kebebew Assefa (EIAR-Debre Zeit, Ethiopia); Robert Kileo (LZARDI-Ukiriguru, Tanzania); Wilson M Thagana, Ngari Macharia (KARI- Njoro, Kenya) Summary The chickpea research and development activities were conducted in three ESA countries, namely, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania with due involvement of NARS, ICRISAT-Nairobi, progressive farmers, NGOs, and all major stakeholders. The project was implemented in Gimbichu, Minjar-Shenkora, Moretna-Jiru, Dembia and Sodo weredas (districts) of Ethiopia; four districts of Tanzania, namely Misungwi, Kwimba, Shinyanga and Kishapu districts of Lake Zone; and the rift valley districts of Bomet and Nakuru in Kenya. The major success was on fast track release of nine chickpea varieties in the three target countries, viz., Ethiopia (1), Tanzania (4) and Kenya (4). The new releases in Tanzania are a landmark as this is the first official release of chickpea in the country; Kenya had only one variety released in 1986. Baseline studies indicated that most of the farmers rely on own-saved seed and access to seed of improved varieties is either through informal networks or relief seed. Very limited awareness on improved chickpea varieties existed, due to consistent failure of the public sector to supply good quality source seed, reluctance of the private sector to show interest in seed production, and most often seed is produced in high potential areas or areas with infrastructure for storage and processing, far away from its area of utilization, leading to high transaction costs. To overcome these constraints, investments have been made in Breeder and Foundation seed production, and proceeds from seed sales used to re-capitalize seed revolving funds to support subsequent seed production cycles. Foundation Seed has been marketed to private companies and NGOs for further seed production and dissemination. During the past four years (2007-10) a total of 31.7 MT Breeder Seed and 3,602 MT Foundation and Certified seed of farmer-preferred improved chickpea varieties were produced at research stations and farmers’ fields. A total of 186 farmers participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials by involving 6-11 pre-released/released varieties were involved along with farmer’ variety as a check, were conducted in Ethiopia (68), Tanzania (47), and Kenya (71), and 3,087 farmers (Ethiopia 2,611, Tanzania 318, and Kenya 569) participated. In addition, 525 field demonstrations in Ethiopia were organized to disseminate promising varieties and production technologies. During the PVS farmers came up with a number of preferred traits which facilitated short-listing of varieties for fast track release. In total, 25 field days were conducted in target locations of Kenya (11), Tanzania (8) and Ethiopia (6) with the participation of 2,523 farmers (Kenya: 855; Tanzania: 958; and Ethiopia: 710). During the field days farmers were asked to select preferred varieties along with preference criteria. In Kenya, demonstrated the utilization of chickpea products and elicited the feedback on most preferred chick based products and farmers rated githeri and stew as the preferred products. Several training programs were organized to improve the knowledge of farmers on chickpea seed production, crop and seed health, and seed processing aspects in which 6,205 farmers (4,829 in Ethiopia, 521 in Tanzania, and 855 in Kenya); 114 extension personnel also participated. An information bulletin was published on improved chickpea technologies and seed production in Ethiopia (both in English and Amharic). Twelve participants - four each from Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania - took part in a onemonth training course on “Chickpea Breeding and Seed Production” organized at ICRISAT-Patancheru during Jan-Feb 2008 and 2009. One MSc student from Ethiopia and two from Kenya are working on chickpea improvement research. Progress of Phase 1 177
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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