Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along with proper fencing was developed exclusively for chickpea yield trials/nurseries and seed multiplication; and • EIAR-Debre Zeit: Irrigation facility for off-season seed multiplication. Degree students One MSc student from Ethiopia (Tadesse Sefera) completed his thesis research on molecular characterization of Ethiopian chickpea varieties and defended his thesis at Harmaya University, Ethiopia. In addition to these, we have two MSc students from Kenya; one is working on heat tolerance (Peter Kaloki) and another (Nancy Wathimu Njogu) on Helicoverpa resistance in chickpea (Table 8-14). Table 8-14: Degree students working on chickpea research Name Country Program University Research area Peter Kaloki Tadesse Sefera Nancy Njogu Lessons learned General (all countries) Kenya MSc University of Nairobi, Kenya Ethiopia MSc Haramaya University, Ethiopia Identification of sources of heat tolerance in chickpea Genetic diversity analysis and DNA fingerprinting of chickpea varieties using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers Kenya MSc Egerton University Genetic variability for resistance to Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea • Farmers’ awareness of the improved varieties and availability of the seed of improved varieties are the key factors in the spread of improved chickpea varieties; • Conduct of PVS, field days and seed fairs are very effective in awareness creation among farmers about new varieties and generate sustained seed demand; • The farmers need some orientation and close follow up for their active participation in PVS trials; • Farmers participation in varietal selection reduces the time required for varietal testing and possible high adoption of tested varieties before or after formal release; • In addition to yield, maturity duration and resistance to diseases, seed traits preferred by market (seed size, color and shape) were also given high weightage by farmers in th selection of improved chickpea varieties. Thus, market-preferred traits are also important for adoption and up-scaling for improved chickpea varieties; • The farmers’ preferences for growing kabuli chickpea varieties largely depended on the price premium received over desi type; • Individual farmers are often reluctant to become seed growers due to lack of capabilities for seed processing and storage and difficulties in marketing. However, they were very keen to take seed production of improved varieties provided arrangements were made for assured procurement of seed. Community Seed Producer Associations may be promoted and could have better access to seed processing and storage facilities and marketing; • Sustainable seed production by smallholders stands a better chance of success if complimented by functional seed and product markets; 188 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
• Project interventions should focus on smallholder-centered seed production and delivery systems that have a better chance of surviving beyond the lifespan of the project; • Business-oriented small holder farmers perform better in seed production, storage, and dissemination than food security-oriented farmers, hence these group of farmers should be involved in seed systems; and • Limited number of researchers and technicians available in ESA also hampers progress of varietal development and seed dissemination. Country-specific Ethiopia • Shortage of initial seed of new varieties was a major bottleneck in promoting new varieties in Ethiopia; • Off-season seed multiplication with supplemental irrigation facilitated faster varietal spread in Ethiopia. Infrastructure for irrigation needed to be strengthened; • Active participation of Department of Agriculture staff was essential in the successful implementation of demonstrations both in number and size; • Project progress in target regions generated greater interest in chickpea adoption in nearby North Shewa and North Gonder Zones. Tanzania • Project progress initiated a momentum for formal release of varieties; • Need for strengthening farmers seed producer groups for seed production; and • Farmers in general prefer desi types because traders are used to it and also high domestic demand for desi types. Kenya • In Kenya, chickpea was identified to have higher drought tolerance compared to maize and beans, indicating high potential for enhancement of area, particularly in the arid and semi-arid areas with vertisols; • Sensitization of policy makers about the importance of chickpea in combating drought has helped in getting their support in this country and this has provided a boost to our efforts in enhancing chickpea area; and • Better performance of chickpea under prevailing drought conditions created awareness among farmers, policy makers, MoA staff and consequently a greater demand for seed. Vision for second phase • The countries will remain the same. However, the activities will be expanded to new districts within the existing states/zones/regions and to additional states/zones/regions; • Seed system will be further strengthened based on the experiences of Phase I; • The breeding materials generated through genomic approaches (MABC and MARS) under TL I will be evaluated along with breeding material generated under TL II in target environments; Progress of Phase 1 189
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243: Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
Page 244 and 245: In Nigeria, across locations mean p
Page 246 and 247: Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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