Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount contracted, balance and credit duration (months) Type of village Country / Variable Non-program site Program site Total sample Local In $USD Local In $USD Local In $USD currency currency currency Mali (FCFA) (28) (49) (77) Amount contracted/supplied 33,391 67 40,384 81 38,112 76 Amount requested 44,149 88 55,344 111 51,808 104 Loan balance 3,845 8 9,605 19 7,685 15 Interest amount 9,727 19 6,563 13 7,591 15 Loan duration (number of months) 9.54 10.85 10.32 Niger (FCFA) (34) (117) (151) Amount contracted/supplied 40,007 80 38,009 76 38,465 77 Amount requested 46,164 92 37,327 75 39,406 79 Loan balance 5,118 10 3,104 6 3,564 7 Interest amount 1,347 3 1,599 3 1,541 3 Loan duration (number of months) 5.01 4.50 4.61 Nigeria (Naira) (12) (13) (25) Amount contracted/supplied 49,583 354 88,538 632 69,840 499 Amount requested 58,750 420 215,000 1536 140,000 1000 Loan balance 9,000 64 82,385 588 47,160 337 Interest amount 2,125 15 10,423 74 6,440 46 Loan duration (number of months) 7.42 7.69 7.56 In parentheses, the number of UPA/HHs surveyed; Source: Baseline surveys in West Africa, ICRISAT/IER/IAR/INRAN, 2007/08 Gender: Groundnut is a woman’s crop in some countries in West Africa In Mali, 85% of private/individual plots belong to women and 35% in Niger. In Nigeria there is little participation of women in groundnut production activities. However, women are largely involved in local groundnut processing activities. There were no differences based on program and non-program villages. Sources of seed Households source planting seed from past harvests, village markets, other farmers, family and parents. In Mali, 80% of the farmers get seed from past harvests, 9% buy seed from the village markets, 6% from seed traders and about 8% from friends and parents. In Niger, 86% of the households draw their planting seed from past harvests, 7% from village markets, 4% from seed traders and 7% from friends and parents. In Nigeria, similar trends are observed. Seventy-one (71%) percent of households source their planting seed from past harvests, 21% from seed traders, 5% from extension services, and 10% from family and parents (Table 4-5). Households have little access to seed of the varieties released less than 20 years ago. The major lessons drawn from this study include the following: 1. Groundnut is a major source of cash for smallholder farmers in WCA; 2. Groundnut is a major source of cash for women farmers; 3. Many households participate in the groundnut markets compared to other crops such as cereals; 4. Ruling varieties are still dominant; 5. The use of inputs such as fertilizers in groundnut is very limited; and 6. More than 86% of households still draw their seed from past harvests. 60 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 4-5: Alternative sources of seed of varieties planted / adopted in Mali, Niger and Nigeria (2007/08) Alternative source Mali Niger Nigeria MV (6) LV (128) MV (79) LV (302) MV (37) LV (257) On-farm trial 33.33 2.34 1.27 0.00 5.41 14.17 Other farmers 0.00 2.34 0.00 4.30 2.70 14.17 Family/parents 0.00 6.25 0.00 3.31 0.00 9.84 Own seeds 33.33 80.47 68.35 86.42 62.16 70.87 Seed traders 0.00 6.25 1.27 4.30 0.00 21.26 IER 33.33 0.78 NA NA NA NA IAR NA NA NA NA 24.32 0.39 ICRISAT 0.00 0.00 2.53 0.00 2.70 0.00 Village markets 0.00 8.59 3.80 6.95 0.00 0.00 Cooperatives 0.00 0.78 22.78 3.31 0.00 0.00 Extension services 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 5.41 5.12 Projects 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 NGOs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 0.79 UNCC 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.66 0.00 0.00 a = Significant at 1%, b = Significant at 5%, c = Significant at 10% In parentheses, the number of UPA/HHs surveyed, NA: not applicable Sources: Baseline surveys in West Africa, ICRISAT/IER/IAR/INRAN, 2007/08 Uncovering farmers’ preference for traits and varieties Participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials revealed that farmers were able to discriminate most major plant and seed traits. In fact, plant and seed traits were found to be statistically associated with the varieties tested under the PVS. In Nigeria, for example, farmers found plant type, grain size, and resistance to diseases, color of the leaves, maturity, haulm yield, haulm quality, pod yield, grain color, foliar diseases, plant vigor, pod reticulation, pod filling, pod size, and number of pods as being largely associated with varieties tested. In Niger, plant type, resistance to diseases, color of the leaves, plant maturity, number of pods, p being pod size, pod yield, haulm quality, haulm yield and plant vigor as being strongly associated with varieties tested. In Mali, plant maturity, number of pods, pod size, pod filling, pod reticulation, pod beak, pod constriction, grain size, grain color, haulm quality, pod yield and taste were associated with the varieties (Table 4-6). Progress of Phase 1 61
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7:
Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9:
Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27: Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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