Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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In Kenya, the small seed pack approach was pioneered by KARI and the Leldet Seed Company, especially across the Central Rift Valley and Central and Eastern Kenya. Packs have been sealed in 70-100 g, 400 g and 2 kgg sizes and sold at Ksh 10, Ksh 50 and Ksh 180, respectively (1USD = Ksh 80). One M+E follow-up showed that 58% of buyers were female, with the majority preferring the 70 g pack, which they can afford with their domestic funds. The marketing took place during agricultural-shows, field days, agrodealers and open market places. Follow-up shows that women are as likely to purchase as men. Further, sale of small packs is expanding business opportunities for seed companies--- as even small farmers are now purchasing certified seed. Dryland Seed Co. and Kenya Seed Co. (the largest seed company in Kenya) indicate that they will now use the small pack approach, especially for marketing climbing beans. In Ethiopia, packs were sold in the eastern and southern parts of the country through farmers’ cooperative unions, NGOs and in open market places. Given the very modest buying power of Ethiopian farmers - and the secondary role of common bean - the lively interest in small bean packs was unexpected. Also, the small pack approach changed Project understanding of farmers’ wants and needs. At the beginning of TL II, NARS and NGOs considered that farmers only wanted large quantities, that is 50 kg and 20 kg packs. EIAR and SARI then moved to putting on offer 5 kg and 2 kg packs. Now, sales data are showing that many Ethiopian farmers desire smaller amounts - even 200 g, 500 g and 1 kg packs, particularly as they expand to new varieties. EIAR has even made excellent progress selling packs in the highly drought-stressed zones of Hararghe, where farmers may have
Mapping (GIS) seed outlets Related to marketing - and to reach 100,000s farmers in general, a complementary project (Nodes of Growth, leveraged on TL II ) mapped the distribution of seed outlets in key drought-prone zones of Kenya. Such maps help to identify areas where there is a lack of coverage. Starting with Nzaui district in Kenya, the map showed that just over 23% of the population is reached within 1- hour walk of the current seven outlets. If one new outlet were added, the population within 1-hour reach rises to 38%. A further seven new outlets would have to be added to ensure that 80% of our target population has access to seed outlets. So, in brief, the current placement of agro-dealers suggests that they can serve only a small portion of the population in this particular drought-prone zone. To reach a broader segment, either more outlets have to be added, or alternative mechanisms of supply have to be encouraged (such as at open markets). Select monitoring and evaluation issues An Integrated Performance Monitoring and Evaluation (IPME ) framework has been built into project operations at varied levels—with the decentralized partners, the NARS, and overall with PABRA/ CIAT. Routine data on seed produced, distributed, and sold is collected, along with insights on who is being reached and where. In addition, specialized M+E is being conducted on the costs of seed production, and on the quality of seed being produced by different organizations. Cost-benefit analysis of decentralized production models Seven models were costed and their advantages and disadvantages analyzed during Phase I. The focus has been on Kenya—and included one public sector organization, two private companies, and four decentralized means of production (facilitated by individuals, communities, and NGO and the government sector, respectively). Producing common bean seed proves profitable whether the product is certified or of ‘other quality’, but the magnitude of profit is highly linked to yield. Currently, all modes are vulnerable to the adverse effects of drought. Seed quality monitoring Seed quality assessment research was conducted in both countries comparing samples obtained from varied formal and informal seed sector sources. In Kenya, seed was collected from trained seed bulking farmers, farmers who were secondary beneficiaries, and seed companies and parastatals involved with seed. The data from 91 farmer beneficiaries (74% women), randomly sampled across TL II sites, proved of particular interest. Data analysis showed that 81% of farmers’ sorted seeds were of good physical quality (according to ISTA standards), with a germination of 86.7%, and with very good vigor. In Ethiopia, 169 bean seed samples were collected from the Oromia and SNNPRS regions, including seed samples obtained from the formal seed sector (seed companies, famers’ cooperatives unions and research centers) and local markets in the areas of project intervention. Physical purity proved relatively good across samples, ranging from 89.2% to 100 % with a mean of 97.5%. Germination percentage showed a greater range, between 68 and 97.3 with a mean of 78.9%. Seed health testing was also conducted for the two most important common bean bacterial pathogens; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. In terms of the informal sector, some common bean growers had produced seed of considerably better quality than others. There were cases where seeds obtained from the formal sector fell below the minimum standards. Hence, the results showed that there was no evidence to assume that seeds from the decentralized seed system are inferior to that of the seed from the formal sector. Progress of Phase 1 125
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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