Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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• Designing, testing and implementing diffusion, marketing and institutional arrangements to enhance seed delivery (tailored to various client needs); • Enhancing local capacity to produce, deliver, store and market seed; and • Enhancing local-level awareness of released varieties (demand creation). Locations and partners The target locations selected for chickpea activities in India included two districts (Kurnool and Prakasam) of Andhra Pradesh and two districts (Dharwad and Gulbarga districts) of Karnataka states in southern India. All activities were carried out in partnership with NARES in target locations. The following were the key project partners: • ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh; • Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh; • University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UAS-D), Karnataka; • University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur (UAS-R), Karnataka; • National Seed Corporation (NSC); • State Farms Corporation of India Limited (SFCI); • Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Corporation (APSSDC); and • Karnataka State Seed Corporation (KSSC). The following key scientists were involved in project activities from the partner institutes: ICRISAT Objective 1 Objective 5 and 8.5 MCS Bantilan, P Parthasarathy Rao, GD Nageswara Rao and R Padmaja Pooran Gaur, CLL Gowda, ShaileshTripathi(up to April 2010), Arvaind Jukanti (from May 2010) Suresh Pande, HC Sharma, Vincent Vadez, L Krishnamurthy, GV Ranga Rao, and Rajeev Varshney NARS Partners State Objective Districts/ Townships Andhra Pradesh (AP) Karnataka (KA) Objective 1 Objective 5 and 8.5 Objective 1 Objective 5 and 8.5 Kurnool & Prakasam Kurnool Prakasam Gulbarga & Dharwad Gulbarga Dharwad Scientists Dr. K Suhasini (ANGRAU, Hyderabad), V Jayalakshmi (RARS-Nandyal, Kurnool), A Trivikrama Reddy (RARS-Nandyal, Kurnool) & P Muniratnam (RARS-Nandyal, Kurnool) Y Satish (ARS-Darsi) & Y Koteshwar Rao (RARS-Lam) Dr. G N Kulkarni (UAS, Dharwad), Dr. V R Kiresur (UAS, Dharwad) DM Mannur (ARS-Gulbarga) PM Salimath (UAS-Dharwad) RARS=Regional Agricultural Research Station; ARS=Agricultural Research Station; UAS=University of Agricultural Sciences 158 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Socio-Economics/Targeting Situation and outlook A number of biotic and abiotic factors limit realization of yield potential, besides the lack of availability of improved seed to farmers. The slow growth of chickpea yield in India can be attributed to: (i) the shift in crop area from favorable to marginal environments; (ii) the slow uptake of improved varieties and other production technologies; and (iii) its cultivation on poor soils under erratic rainfall conditions. Trade in chickpea is relatively robust and has been growing over time. Close to 10% of the total chickpea produced in 2003-05 entered the international market. Trade statistics indicate a demandsupply imbalance for pulses in Asia. While the quantum of chickpea exports from Asia doubled between 1981 and 2007, overall the region remains a net importer. The increased import demand has induced countries such as Australia and Canada that traditionally did not grow chickpea to emerge as significant exporters now. Demand and supply projections of chickpea under the business-as-usual scenario for India and Asia corroborate the fact that in the near future, domestic production is unlikely to catch up with growing demand. If current trends in per capita income and production were to continue, by 2020 India’s demand for chickpea would increase to 10 million MT worsening India’s net trade situation. The scope of raising chickpea production in Asia through area expansion alone is extremely limited. Therefore the main challenges for research and development are to bridge the gap between actual and attainable yield by enhancing farmers’ access to good quality inputs, improved technologies and information; improve the competitiveness of pulse crops through domestic incentives related to production, marketing, processing prices in line with cereals and competing crops; and achieve a technological breakthrough that not only overcomes yield barriers but also provides effective protection against insect pests and diseases, and tolerance to moisture stress. Baseline survey and adoption studies Socio-economic and demographic composition of the farmers The summary details of selected districts for both control and treatment villages for baseline survey are presented in Table 7-1. Table 7-1: Survey districts and villages for Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka State District Treatment village Control village Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Pulimaddi (30)* Brahamanapalli (15) Mitnala (30) Munagala (15) Balapanoor (30) Rasulpet (15) Prakasam Chirakurapadu (30) Payidipadu (15) Kollavaripalem (30) Bodavada (15) Chirvanauppalapadu (30) Maddirala (15) Karnataka Dharwad Harobelawadi (30) Kabbenur (15) Shirkol (30) Hansi (15) Kumaragoppa (30) Yemnur (15) Gulbarga Kurikota (30) Bhushangi (15) Farhatabad (30) Honnakirangi (15) Gotur (30) Bennur (15) *Figures in parenthesis indicate number of farmers selected in that village Progress of Phase 1 159
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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