Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Table 6-22: Yield under drought induced by low rainfall in the vegetative phase and post flower water deficit, of SER 16 and its ALB progenies derived from a cross with runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) evaluated during the drought season in 2010. Line Yield (kg per ha) Line Yield (kg per ha) ALB 60 2155 ALB 147 1618 ALB 180 1908 ALB 77 1565 ALB 213 1830 SER 16 1558 ALB 209 1826 ALB 110 1312 ALB 214 1734 TIO CANELA 75 1283 ALB 91 1713 LDS (0.05) 436 ALB 6 1631 An ideotype for Mesoamerican beans Beans are often planted in marginal soils, and Mesoamerican beans in particular often occupy the more difficult niches, even within a farm. Soil fertility is a critical issue for the improvement of bean yields, and poor fertility will often override the benefits of drought resistance. Beans are relatively sensitive to poor fertility compared to other legumes, in part due to their short growth cycle that is often less than 80 days. Our experience over many years has shown that rusticity and yield in poor soil are greatly affected by phenology. In one such experience a trial of drought resistant lines was planted for evaluation of response to low soil P availability and unexpectedly suffered severe midseason drought. The better yielding lines tended to be later flowering while the grain filling period was not noticeably different (Table 6-23). We believe that the ability to withstand low fertility permits overall plant vigor and probably root development, and contributes to drought resistance. A short season crop does not have sufficient time to explore the soil profile, but on the other hand, farmers also prefer early varieties of bean. This presents a contradiction that demands a new ideotype that is rustic and yet not late-maturing. We suggest that such an ideotype would have an extended vegetative period to permit better root development, better plant nutrition and greater biomass production, followed by a reproductive phase characterized by aggressive remobilization and rapid dry down at maturity. Experience gained in characterization of remobilization in TL II makes us hopeful that this is possible. In particular, one red seeded line, SER 118, is consistently superior in pod harvest index (a measure of remobilization), and tends to present this pattern of mid-late flowering and acceptable maturity. It often yields among the best lines. We hope to build on this pattern with genetic variability of several sources. Table 6-23: The four highest yielding entries, and the four lowest yielding entries out of 36 droughtresistant lines and checks subjected to combined stress of low available soil phosphorus and midseason drought. Darién, Colombia, 2009. Line Yield (kg per ha) Days to flowering Days to grain filling SXB 412 1257 41 38 NCB 226 1206 33 41 SXB 409 1187 40 42 SXB 405 1175 39 40 SEA 15 625 34 43 SEN 56 563 32 43 SEA 5 379 34 39 G 40001-P. acutifolius 190 37 39 LSD (0.05) 266 2.5 ??? 142 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Applying physiological principles to breeding beans of the Andean gene pool Historically, progress in improving Andean beans tends to be slower than for Mesoamerican beans. On one hand, grain of Andeans is larger with very specific criteria of size, shape and color, such that recovering commercial grain in segregating populations is more difficult. This makes introgression of novel genes more laborious. On the other hand, most Andean-type varieties are of determinate growth habit, which limits yield potential to some degree. In spite of this, our first efforts in improving Andean beans for drought resistance were quite positive. Selected lines expressed excellent grain filling under stress, suggesting enhanced remobilization to grain. Although expressing a yield advantage over checks in optimal conditions of soil fertility, these lines were excessively early and poor yielding under more realistic conditions of low to moderate fertility. Thus, Andean beans presented the same pattern as Mesoamerican types. We immediately adjusted the breeding program to include parents with a longer growth cycle and adaptation to poor soil, especially the cultivar CAL 143 from southern Africa. Results with selections under drought have been excellent (Table 6-24). Among the parental materials in the crosses represented in Table 24, CAL 143, KAT B1 and PAN 127 are commercial varieties in Africa, and the last column of the table represents their respective yields. Yields of their progenies are far superior to the yields of the parents. These lines were selected under moderately low fertility in the F3 generation, and tests of the lines in low soil fertility are pending. Table 6-24: Yield (kg per ha) of elite lines of the Andean gene pool, evaluated under terminal drought in 2009. Line Yield (kg per ha) Commercial check (kg per ha) (CAL 143 x SAB 616) X SAB 629 1857 363 (CAL 143 x SAB 620) X SAB 626 1880 363 (CAL 143 x SAB 620) X SAB 626 1930 568 (KAT B1 x SAB 618) X (SAB 620xSAB 631) 1962 1222 (KAT B1 x SAB 618) X (SAB 623xSAB 627) 1882 1561 (SAB 630 x PAN 127) X SAB 676 1976 18 Human capacity building Our goal was to establish within the PABRA network a working group with expertise in drought research. While formal degree training formed a part of this plan, an equally important part dealt with obtaining skills of field management and physiological analysis. All progress in abiotic stress resistance, and especially in drought resistance, must depend on reliable field evaluation. This applies as well to prospects for marker assisted selection, which must initiate with reliable phenotypic data. Trials for managed drought must incorporate calibration of drought stress, starting with quantification of the amount of moisture in the soil. While scientists must understand principles, they must also appreciate the methods and logistics of field management, to be able to supervise effective field research. Technicians must be fully capable of executing field studies, assuring uniformity across the field, and mastering the logistics of field work (e.g., physiological sampling) so that this is carried out efficiently and with minimum errors. Often the technicians are the most stable element within a research program, as scientists must dedicate time to administrative duties. Thus, in addition to formal degree training, we also made an effort to establish capacity in the region among both scientists and technicians, for practical field oriented drought research. Practical skills included: quantification of soil moisture content; sampling of field grown plants; distribution of plant biomass in different plant parts; biomass drying; data analysis. Two field workshops were held, in January 2008 in Katumani, and May 2008 in Malawi. Additionally, a physiology assistant from CIAT-Colombia visited each participating country to supervise work on site, and to give advice on phenotyping protocols and data analysis. Progress of Phase 1 143
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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