Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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single lingering bottleneck on which there was only modest headway, remains the initial production of Foundation Seed. This critical initial foundation seed production step remains undiversified and is mainly in NARS (government) hands. The following briefly highlights in separate sections approaches tested, results, lessons learned, select monitoring and evaluation issues and training. Approaches tested In terms of production and delivery, approaches tested under Phase I included: four foundation seed production models, four models of decentralized seed production and seven seed delivery models (Table 6-5). Table 6-5: TL II bean seed systems: approaches tested under TL II Foundation/certified seed production • Direct production- NARS • Direct production- NARS seed unit with contract farmers • Private seed companies • Farmer cooperatives Decentralized seed production • District/government officers supporting individual farmers • NGOs supporting individual farmers • Farmer Cooperatives/ Unions • Community-based seed production Delivery approaches • Small pack sales: open markets • Small pack sales: country stores • Small pack sales agro-dealers • Small pack sales: seed/grain traders • Exchanged through seed loans • Direct farmer to farmer diffusion • (GOK seed relief) Results Partnerships Diverse and complementary partners have been the cornerstone of this work. Some 106 partners were involved in TL II bean seed systems in Phase I, including NARS, private sector companies, specialized seed producers, governmental and non-governmental organizations, community- and faithbased organizations and grain traders (Table 6-6). Partners developed joint work plans for project research and implementation, and agreed upon roles and responsibilities. Many of the partners also signed formal Memoranda of Understanding and several incorporated TL II work plans in their own organizational yearly program plans (examples in Kenya include Self Help Africa in Nakuru, several Catholic Dioceses, and NGO Nangina). Such transparent and formal commitments help to promote the sustainability of the intervention beyond the project cycle. The challenge now is to scale down partners so as to reduce transaction costs while maximizing reach. In Kenya, the main set of ‘successful partners’ has been the NGOs with strong local bases (e.g. Nangina and the Dioceses). In Ethiopia, farmer cooperatives have been identified as the most effective and sustainable seed production and delivery partners. 122 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 6-6: TL II common bean seed systems: partners engaged, by country Country NARS Specialized Seed Producers GOs -NGOs Kenya Ethiopia Seed production KARI-Katumani KARI- Kisii KARI-Njoro EIAR SARI ARARI AREKA Haramaya University Hawassa University Leldet Dryland Lambwe Seed Growers Ethiopian Seed Enterprise Dawro + Shebedino MAP Private Cooperative ELFORA Agro-Industry Ltd Haile Waqo Private Seed Farm FO-CBOs- Faithbased groups Grain traders 23 12 2 46 19 4 Seed production of various types of seed was monitored throughout the project cycle. NARS kept careful records of initial foundation/certified seed produced and distributed to partners, while select partners in decentralized zones kept records of farmer multipliers, farmers receiving seed, and multiplication rates by region. Monitoring with individual farmers also provided data on how the individual harvest was used (e.g. whether eaten, stored, saved as seed, exchanged, and sold as seed or grain). Table 6-7 shows the overall seed multiplied and compares it with the original milestones set. Annex 6-2 (parts (a) and (b)) shows in more detail how the calculations for decentralized seed multiplication were made, along with the guiding assumptions, using the example of Ethiopia. (Note that the assumptions, that is, process variables based on actual field data, are different for Kenya). Table 6-7: TL II common bean seed systems: seed production (MT) in Phase 1 Country Foundation/Certified seed production Decentralized seed production Target Actual* Target Actual** Kenya 35.00 34.02 740.00 1,249.90 Ethiopia 93.00 174.50 1,130.00 7,779.90 Total 128.00 208.50 1,870.00 9,029.80 *More partners added; **Includes seed in small packs Going more in-depth on the seed production process, in Kenya, monitoring of seed multipliers between 2008 and 2009 showed that between 61.1% and 80.3% of the seed producers were women (no comparable figures are available for Ethiopia) and that even small-scale seed producers are able to reserve between 42% and 46% of their harvest for use (and sale as seed specifically). Varietal diversity was also being encouraged in seed production efforts: in Kenya four varieties were diffused for droughtprone zones; in Ethiopia, the figure was 10 varieties (including food and export-canning types). Seed delivery mechanisms: small packs and seed loans Small packs The use of small packs is based on the field insights that farmers want access to new varieties, and that some also are willing to pay for certified seed per se. Seed simply has to be marketed in affordable sizes, in places which are easily accessible to farmers, and from vendors that farmers trust (or who may be held accountable to buyers). Available M+E data show that 81,654 packs were sold across the two countries (with this count representing the minimum packs sold, as a number of partners did not report back specific sales figures). Progress of Phase 1 123
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: as Nigeria that will face the great
Page 94 and 95: 100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
Page 96 and 97: 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
Page 98 and 99: In Niger, changes in cowpea product
Page 100 and 101: irregular rainfall early in the cro
Page 102 and 103: Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
Page 104 and 105: Cowpea varieties released The proje
Page 106 and 107: Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
Page 108 and 109: Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
Page 110 and 111: Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
Page 112 and 113: ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
Page 116 and 117: The best approach to spread the imp
Page 118 and 119: declining soil fertility, increasin
Page 120 and 121: In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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