Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Grades and standards About 75% of traders recognized kabuli chickpea as having two grades (Grade 1 and 2). For desi chickpea, the majority of the sample traders in the primary markets (70%) recognized only one quality grade for the commodity. The major quality traits used in markets to classify chickpea grades include grain color, grain size, presence of foreign matter and broken and shriveled seeds. The survey results indicate that at all market levels (except for desi in primary markets) quality seems to attract a price premium. On average, there was a margin of about ETB 27 per 100 kg for kabuli chickpea and ETB 15 per 100 kg for desi chickpea. Gender aspect of chickpea production and marketing Chickpea production is the responsibility of the household in general. In the study areas, men and women appear to make decisions regarding the sale of chickpea. Women are less familiar with modern markets and feel powerless to influence them. They are hampered by cultural norms, and the lack of access to information on new technology, prices, demand, etc. Unlike their husbands, they are rarely given training in modern small-business management. Also, they are hampered by factors common to all: lack of adequate transport and communications services, inadequate equipment and facilities in marketplaces and the presence of exploitative middlemen. Compared to women, men have easier access to technology and training, mainly due to their strong position as head of the household and greater access to off-farm mobility. Men have easier access to credit than women. Sources of information, chickpea variety preference and adoption The proportion of households receiving information about kabuli varieties from neighbors and government extension amount to 46.6% and 45.3%, respectively. The third most important source of information is farmer cooperative (26.1%). Neighbors remain the first major source of information (72.4%) for desi varieties followed by family members. Generally, kabuli varieties are highly preferred by chickpea farmers for their high economic return in addition to their grain color and size. Fast-Tracking, Development, and Release of Varieties Variety development A number of segregating materials generated at ICRISAT-Patancheru received by ICRISAT-Nairobi and EIAR/Debre Zeit-Ethiopia in the form of international chickpea screening nurseries and other evaluation trials. After preliminary evaluation in Kenya, elite materials shared with the NARS programs in Tanzania (LZARDI-Ukiriguru) and Kenya (KARI-Njoro and Egerton University). ICRISAT-Nairobi received 123 lines of heat tolerance nursery (61 desi and 62 kabuli) and supplied best lines of desi (ICCVs 07101, 0712, 07104, 07110, 07114) and Kabuli (ICCVs 07304, 07308, 05312, 07306, and 05315) to Kenya and Tanzania. Seventeen desi and 17 kabuli genotypes were evaluated in Tanzania and KARI-Njoro and identified superior genotypes in desi (ICCVs 97406, 07304) and kabuli (ICCV ICCV 07112, ICCV07110, and ICCV 07114) for further evaluation. Through multi-year and -country evaluation selected best genotypes for on-farm evaluation (ICCV 97126, ICCV 97031, ICCV 97128, ICCV 97125-desi; ICCV 97306, ICCV 00302, ICCV 97406, and ICCV 92311-kabuli). Similarly, evaluated 84-desi and 60-kabuli genotypes at ICRISAT-Nairobi and noted very good genetic diversity for larger seed size among Kabuli. Same set of 144 genotypes were evaluated in Ethiopia that facilitated to identify potential genotypes with seed mass significantly higher than present day high yielding varieties(like ICCV 92318) coupled with higher grain yield(Table 8-4). 182 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 8-3: Details of nurseries evaluated Location ICRISAT-Nairobi Kenya: KARI-Njoro, Egerton University Tanzania: LZARDI-Ukiriguru Ethiopia: EIAR-Debre Zeit Nursery/# of lines Heat tolerant/123 Two kabuli/37, two desi/34 Two kabuli/37, two desi/34 Desi/84, kabuli/60 Table 8-4: Promising new generation large-seeded Kabuli types evaluated in Kenya Name Days to 50% flowering Days to 75% maturity 100 seed mass (g) Yield (kg per ha) K032 48 106 61.7 3458 ICCV 08313 42 104 51.5 3181 K034 44 113 49.7 3595 ICCV 08308 42 110 48.7 3748 K025 47 109 48.5 3094 K021 50 107 47.5 3863 K026 43 111 47.0 3494 ICCV 08302 44 111 46.5 3368 ICCV 92318(Check) 43 105 35.8 2846 Variety release In ESA target countries, a total of 9 varieties have been released during the project period as per the details below (Table 8-5). Table 8-5: Chickpea varieties released in ESA Variety Popular name Type Year Country Average on-farm yield (kg per ha) Yield advantage over checks (%) ICCV 97105 Ukiriguru 1 Desi 2011 Tanzania 1456 46 ICCV 00108 Mwanza 1 Desi 2011 Tanzania 1432 43 ICCV 00305 Mwanza 2 Kabuli 2011 Tanzania 1536 54 ICCV 92318 Mwanza Kabuli 2011 Tanzania 1192 19 ICCV 03107 Minjar Desi 2010 Ethiopia 1500-4000 43 ICCV 00108 NA Desi 2009 Kenya 2030 18 ICCV 00305 NA Kabuli 2009 Kenya 1800 5 ICCV 97105 NA Desi 2010 Kenya 2400 40 ICCV 95423 NA Kabuli 2010 Kenya 2250 31 Identification of farmer- and market-preferred chickpea varieties A total of 186 farmers participatory varietal selections (PVS) trials were conducted in three Ethiopia(68), Tanzania (47) and Kenya (71); and 3,087 farmers (Ethiopia 2611, Tanzania 318, Kenya 569) participated. In addition, 525 field demonstrations in Ethiopia were organized to disseminate promising varieties and production technologies. During the PVS 6-11 /released or pre-released varieties were included along with a farmer’s variety as a check (Table 8-6). Farmers came up with a number of preferred traits such as early maturity - to avoid end season drought and reach the market while the prices are still high; vegetable type for local niche markets; high yield potential; profuse podding; large seed size for domestic consumption/local and international markets; resistance to terminal drought, Fusarium wilt and Ascochyta blight (in Ethiopia). A few gender-wise differences in preference were observed, with men going for market traits such as grain size, and women for consumption and green pods (Table 8-7). Progress of Phase 1 183
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
Page 234 and 235: The up-scaling program signals the
Page 236 and 237: Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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