Four Seasons of Learning and Engaging Smallholder Farmers - icrisat

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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea cultivation Andhra Pradesh The benefit cost ratios ranged from 1.22 to 1.33 in Kurnool and Prakasam districts. Net returns from the production of chickpea are Rs 4201 per ha in Kurnool district while the net returns are much lower in case of Prakasam district. The crop provided about 40 days of employment for men and 25 days of women labor employment. The overall labor required is distributed in the ratio of 2:3 and 1:3 among the men and women labor employed. If proper knowledge about the significance and costs efficiency in each operation is not known to women it may result in low yield of crop. Karnataka The overall results for all chickpea varieties together on one hand and separately for each variety on the other cultivated in the study area was found to be economically viable. This was indicated by benefitcost ratio (BCR) of more than one (> 1) and positive net returns on chickpea crop. The overall net returns over fixed cost were positive and was Rs. 7260/ha in adopted villages and B:C ratio was 1.50. Similar observation was made for different chickpea varieties. Net returns over fixed cost in case of Annigeri for adopted villages was Rs.7191/ha. and the corresponding B:C ratio is1.49. In case of Kabuli varieties, corresponding net returns and B:C ratios were Rs.8261/ha (BCR-1.55). Bhima and local varieties also followed a similar trend in respect of net returns and BCR. Among various costs incurred human and bullock labor accounted a substantial proportion in the total cost. Drought research issues Andhra Pradesh The two areas under study have twin problem of drought and flood, Prakasam being coastal district was effected by floods during 2007-08 and Kurnool was affected by floods during 2009-10 (First week of October due to back waters of reservoirs nearby and heavy rains received in and around Kurnool within a span of 48 hours indicating the warning signals of climate change in dry and low rainfall areas during post-rainy season). Drought is a regular feature in these two districts hence diversification in the income earning are important. There was diversification in income earning activities of different family members even though Agriculture is treated as main activity. Detailed studies are needed to assess potential impacts of climate change on agriculture production in drought affected areas. Karnataka Delayed monsoons in recent years often cause drought conditions in Dharwad district. While, Gulbarga is one of the chronically drought hit districts of the state and frequent droughts are very common making farmers’ livelihood more difficult. Thus, the research priorities in the wake of recurring drought conditions and also due to market driven preferences should mainly be focused. Need to develop suitable varieties by strengthening crop improvement program to overcome uncertainties in yield and income of the farmers in the area. Need to strengthen the seed supply chains (institutional linkages among R&D organizations, private seed companies, NGOs, KVKs, local village institutions) for production and distribution of quality seed to farmers. Popularize new varieties on mission mode through approaches like, training, demonstrations, trials, field days, farmers’ fairs, etc. 166 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Fast-Tracking, Development, and Release of Varieties Development of varieties The current status of adoption of improved varieties and traits preferred by the farmers were assessed during a regional work planning meeting organized at ICRISAT-Patancheru at the beginning of the project. Considering the requirements of target regions, the chickpea improvement program was focused on developing breeding lines with high yield potential and market-preferred seed traits, early maturity, drought tolerance and resistance to fusarium wilt and pod borer. A large number of promising breeding lines were selected at ICRISAT-Patancheru and supplied to project partners. Two international chickpea screening nurseries (ICSNs), one for desi type (ICSN-Desi) and one for kabuli type (ICSN-Kabuli) were constituted each year and supplied to project partners during 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11. Each ICSN consisted of 18 advanced breeding lines, one common check and one local check. The partners identified promising breeding lines from these nurseries for further evaluation in station and multilocation trials. The promising lines identified included ICCV 09106, ICCV 09107, ICCV 09112, ICCV 09116, ICCV 09118, ICCV 07103, ICCV 07104 and ICCV 07110 in desi type (>20% higher yield than the check JG 11/ICCC 37) and ICCV 06302 in kabuli type (>10% higher yield than the check KAK 2). Considering the demand of extra-large seeded kabuli chickpeas, one additional ICSN, ICSN-Kabuli large seed, was constituted and supplied to partners for evaluation during 2010-11. Several lines (ICCV 10411, ICCV 10410, ICCV 10402 and ICCV 10404) with larger seed than the check ICCV 95334 were identified. In addition to ICSNs, a set of 137 advanced breeding lines (81 desi, 56 kabuli) was also supplied to project partners. These were evaluated in replicated yield trials along with 3 checks at 4 locations in India (Patancheru, Nandyal, Dharwad and Gulbarga) in randomized block design with two replications during 2009/10. Several high yielding lines were identified compared to common checks at different locations. The best performing desi lines compared to respective checks were D064 (71.0%) at Patancheru, D019 (33.0%) at Nandyal, D051 (19.0%) at Dharwad and D005 (25.0%) at Gulbarga. Among top 10 desi lines, D043 genotype showed good performance over three locations (Patancheru, Nandyal and Gulbarga. The promising kabuli breeding lines that outperformed the common check included ICCV 08307 (33.0%) at Patancheru, ICCV 08313 (72.0%) at Nandyal, and K010 (91.0%) at Gulbarga. None of the Kabuli lines performed better than the common checks at Dharwad. The project partners will further evaluate selected lines in station trials along with other selected lines. The chickpea breeding activities of TL-I and TL-II projects are well integrated. TL-I is using marker-assisted breeding for improving precision and efficiency of chickpea breeding. A genomic region controlling several traits related to drought tolerance (root length density, root biomass, shoot biomass, harvest index) has been introgressed in three farmer-preferred varieties (JG 11 and KAK 2 from India and Chefe from Ethiopia) using marker-assisted backcrossing breeding approach. The BC3F4 progenies have been distributed to TL-II partners for evaluation. In another activity of TL-I, marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS) is being used to accumulate favorable alleles for yield under moisture stress conditions.The progenies developed from MARS will also be shared with TL-II partners. Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is the most devastating insect-pest of chickpea and the levels of resistance available in the cultivated chickpea are very low. Some accessions of wild species have been reported to have higher levels of resistance than the best known source of resistance (ICC 506EB) in the cultivated chickpea. Interspecific crosses of C. arietinum (cultivated chickpea) x C. reticulatum (wild progenitor of chickpea) are being used to enhance resistance to pod borer.Forty F 6 progenies derived from the cross between Helicoverpa-resistant C. arietinum accession ICC 506EB and the C. reticulatum accession IG 72953, along with parents and the susceptible checks (ICC 3137 and ICCC 37) were evaluated for resistance to pod borer using detached leaf assay in the laboratory and under no-choice cage conditions in the greenhouse. Some interspecific progenies with better levels of resistance (based on leaf feeding scores, weight gain by the neonate larvae, larval survival and pod damage) than either of the parents involved in the crosses were identified for further evaluation. Progress of Phase 1 167
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Enhancing Pigeonpea Productivity an
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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as Nigeria that will face the great
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100 Million hectares 80 60 40 20 0
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70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 03
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In Niger, changes in cowpea product
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irregular rainfall early in the cro
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Table 5-4: Cowpea breeding lines se
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Cowpea varieties released The proje
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Table 5-8: Number of days to flower
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Evaluation for phosphorus-use effic
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Figure 5-8: Reactions of some culti
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ASS6 ASS64 ASS110 ASS56 Figure 5-9:
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Figure 5-10: Meeting of farmers’
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The best approach to spread the imp
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declining soil fertility, increasin
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In Nigeria, the small seed pack app
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112 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: Table 6-22: Yield under drought ind
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Table 11-1: Preferred soybean trait
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The up-scaling program signals the
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Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-y
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-15: Release notes of the t
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In Nigeria, across locations mean p
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Table 11-21: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Progress in selection of Bradyrhizo
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the major soybean producing localit
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Table 11-29: Quantity (MT) of Found
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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250 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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