Routledge History of Philosophy Volume IV

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xxvii Politics and Religion The Arts 1716 Science and Technology Philosophy Leibniz, New System 1695 Bayle, Dictionnaire 1697 1699 Berlin Academy of Sciences founded 1700 1703–5 Leibniz’s New Essays on the 1703 Human Understanding written Newton, Optics Locke d. 1704 Berkeley, New Theory of Vision 1709 Leibniz, Theodicy 1710 Berkeley, The Principles of Human Knowledge Shaftesbury, Characteristics 1711 Hume b. Rousseau b. 1712 Berkeley, Dialogues between Hylas and 1713 Philonous Shaftesbury d. Leibniz’s Monadology written 1714 Malebranche d. 1715 Leibniz d. 1716
Introduction G.H.R.Parkinson The philosophy that is discussed in this volume covers a period of some three hundred and fifty years, from roughly the middle of the fourteenth century to the early years of the eighteenth. What is offered, however, is not a comprehensive history of the philosophy of this period. Topics such as the later stages of scholasticism, and the beginnings of British empiricism in the seventeenth century, are not discussed here, but are reserved for other volumes in this series. The substance of the volume is the history of certain important philosophical movements that occurred during this period: namely, Renaissance philosophy and seventeenth-century rationalism. But the volume does not deal with these movements exclusively. If one is to understand Renaissance philosophy, one must also examine the scholastic thought against which it reacted and with which it frequently interacted. Similarly, if one is to understand the seventeenth-century rationalists, one must also understand some of their contemporaries who were not rationalists— men such as Bacon, Gassendi and Hobbes. They therefore find a place here, as do Renaissance scholastics such as Pomponazzi and Cremonini. The division of the history of philosophy into a number of movements is a procedure that has often been followed, but it has its critics. In recent years, historians of philosophy have emphasized what one might call the individuality, the ‘thisness’ of philosophers, and have argued that to try to force this or that individual into pre-set categories can lead to distortions. There is indeed a danger of such distortions; on the other hand, it seems fair to say that during certain epochs certain philosophical questions came to the forefront, and that philosophers provided answers which (although different) had some kinship, so that it is possible to speak of a ‘movement’ in such cases. Such, at any rate, is the assumption made in this volume; whether the assumption is a fruitful one, the volume itself will show. The term ‘Renaissance philosophy’ is a controversial one, as indeed is the term ‘seventeenth-century rationalism’. It has been argued that the very notion of the Renaissance is a myth, 1 and one may wonder how it can be useful to speak of the philosophy of a myth. But it is important not to exaggerate. Scholars are in general agreement that there was in Western Europe, between roughly 1350 and the first decades of the seventeenth century, 2 a cultural movement which may
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66 RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY OUTSIDE I
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98 SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS UP TO DE
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CHAPTER 4 Francis Bacon and man’s
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132 FRANCIS BACON AND MAN’S TWO-F
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CHAPTER 5 Descartes: methodology St
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158 RENAISSANCE AND SEVENTEENTH-CEN
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CHAPTER 9 The moral and political p
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CHAPTER 10 Occasionalism Daisie Rad
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354 LEIBNIZ: TRUTH, KNOWLEDGE AND M
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390 GLOSSARY attribute: Averroism:
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392 GLOSSARY compositio: a Latin ve
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394 GLOSSARY disposition: double as
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396 GLOSSARY gnoseology: habitus: H
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398 GLOSSARY induction, eliminative
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400 GLOSSARY modus tollens: monad:
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402 GLOSSARY Organon: pantheism: pa
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404 GLOSSARY Remonstrants: resoluti
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406 GLOSSARY truth, double: truth,
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408 INDEX OF NAMES Ceredi, Giuseppe
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410 INDEX OF NAMES Plato 6, 20, 29,
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412 INDEX OF SUBJECTS cogito ergo s
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414 INDEX OF SUBJECTS civil 264, 33
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416 INDEX OF SUBJECTS Descartes’
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