Routledge History of Philosophy Volume IV

402 GLOSSARY
Organon:
pantheism:
paradigm:
parallelism, psychophysical:
peripatetic:
phenomenalism:
refer to a certain person’s ‘ontology’ we refer to the
views that that person holds about what there is.
literally, ‘instrument’ (Greek). A collective name for
Aristotle’s logical works, as the ‘instrument’ of all
reasoning.
the theory that God and the universe are identical,
encapsulated by Spinoza in the phrase, ‘Deus, seu
Natura’—‘God, or in other words, nature’. Pantheism
is to be distinguished from ‘panentheism’, which
asserts that God includes the whole universe but is not
identical with it.
a term given a technical sense by Thomas Kuhn, and
used in the philosophy of science. In this sense, a
paradigm may be either (a) a whole set of beliefs or
methods shared by a group of scientists or (b) concrete
solutions of problems which are used as examples,
and as such can serve as a basis for the solution of
other scientific problems. Kuhn is much concerned
with changes of paradigm, or ‘paradigm shifts’; these
are due to the discovery of an ever-increasing set of
anomalies within a reigning paradigm, which lead to
the production of a new paradigm.
a theory of the relations between mind and body. It
asserts that mental and physical events are quite
independent of each other, but that for any mental
event there is a corresponding physical event, and
conversely.
a term meaning ‘Aristotelian’. The ‘Peripatetic
school’ was the Aristotelian school of philosophy in
Athens. The term comes from a ‘peripatos’, or
covered walk, in the buildings which the school
occupied. The story that the term originated from
Aristotle’s habit of walking about (peripatein) whilst
lecturing is now regarded as a legend.
when used of the philosophies discussed in this
volume, the term refers to the thesis that material
things are simply classes of the ideas (q.v.) possessed
by conscious beings such as ourselves. In this century,
a different sort of phenomenalism has been put
forward: this speaks, not of the nature of material
things as such and of the entities of which they are
composed, but of the nature of propositions about
them.